May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Learn all about prokaryotes in just a few minutes! Jessica Pamment, professional lecturer at DePaul University, explains the similarities and differences between bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays.
Bacteria and Archaea
The two prokaryotic domains, Bacteria and Archaea, contain diverse single-celled organisms that exhibit a wide variety of metabolic abilities.
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Although members of the domains (largest taxonomic groupings) Bacteria and Archaea have many important differences, they are united by their general cell type. Unlike members of the domain Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus to contain the DNA, other membrane systems such as the endoplasmic reticulum, or membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, making them much smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic organisms are all single-celled. Though some prokaryotes live together in colonies or attached in a group, they do not share the same level of connection and coordination as a multicellular organism. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays. Prokaryotes carry their genes on a single circular chromosome, unprotected in the gel-like cytoplasm filling the interior of the cell. They may also carry some genetic material in plasmids. A plasmid is a small, circular piece of bacterial DNA that replicates on its own and can be transferred between cells. As single-celled organisms, their reproduction is equivalent to cell division. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays. Prokaryotic cell division consists of replication of the single chromosome followed by a simple split of the cell, known as binary fission.
Prokaryotes as a group have diverse mechanisms for obtaining energy and carbon, collectively known as metabolic processes. Some prokaryotes are phototrophs. A phototroph is an organism that obtains energy from the sun. A chemotroph is an organism that obtains energy through chemical reactions with certain organic or inorganic compounds, such as those containing sulfur. An autotroph is an organism that can make its own food. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays. Autotrophs get their carbon from the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, or from other inorganic sources. A heterotroph is an organism that obtains energy and carbon from consuming other organisms. Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic molecules. Bacteria can be described by combining their source of energy and their source of carbon. For example, a photosynthetic bacterium is considered a photoautotroph because it obtains its energy from the sun and its carbon from the atmosphere. There are prokaryotic species in each metabolic category.
There are multiple ways a unicellular organism called a prokaryote obtains carbon and energy. In general, an organism will first be categorized as either an autotroph or heterotroph. Autotrophs rely on carbon dioxide as their carbon source while heterotrophs rely on organic molecules as a carbon source. These organisms are further divided based on the method they use to get energy and carbon. Each method is used by at least one prokaryote. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays.
Bacteria
Bacteria are small unicellular organisms that obtain food through a variety of processes.
The domain Bacteria is further classified into the kingdom Eubacteria and is the most diverse kingdom (second largest taxonomic grouping). It represents the greatest number of organisms, called by the generic term bacteria, although individuals in this kingdom are among the smallest of all life. They are so diverse that humans and potatoes are more closely related than many bacterial species are to each other. In addition to bacteria being metabolically diverse as a group, some individual bacteria are able to change metabolic strategies based on the environment. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays. For example, some bacteria are able to use oxygen when it is present and switch to fermentation when oxygen is absent. Bacteria reproduce through simple cell division, but they can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. Conjugation involves the direct transfer of genetic material between two bacteria, using a small piece of DNA called a plasmid.
Although a relatively small proportion of pathogenic, or disease-causing, bacteria receives the most public attention, many bacteria perform critical ecological functions. Arguably the most important bacterial contribution to life on Earth was the transformation of the atmosphere by ancient photosynthetic cyanobacteria that made life possible for those organisms that require oxygen. However, bacteria still provide important ecological services, Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays.
All organisms require nitrogen for the formation of proteins. However, the nitrogen found in the atmosphere is not in a form that most living organisms can use. Some bacteria, called nitrogen-fixing bacteria, can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds. These compounds can then be used by plants, and subsequently animals, to supply their nitrogen needs. In this way, bacterial species are responsible for modifying atmospheric nitrogen to a form that eukaryotic organisms can use.
Bacteria function in the cycling of other elements through their role as decomposers. A decomposer is an organism that breaks down dead materials and organic wastes, releasing energy within an ecosystem. Bacteria break down these materials to release carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements back into the ecosystem. Without the decomposing actions of bacteria and other organisms such as fungi, the supply of chemical elements in the environment would diminish and the continuity of life would cease.
A growing body of evidence has shown the importance of the microbiome, the types of organisms living in the human digestive tract. The specific organisms present, or absent, in the intestinal microbiome can play a role in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and diseases of the digestive system. In addition, differences in intestinal microbiome can explain some nutritional deficiencies. Understanding the role of intestinal bacteria in health is a major area of research. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays.
Major Groups of Bacteria
Gram staining is a method used to identify, based on cell wall structure, members of the different types of bacteria, such as Proteobacteria, Spirochetes, and Cyanobacteria.
Scientists use a method called a Gram stain to differentiate between types of bacteria based on cell wall structure. Developed in 1884 by Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, this staining method was originally developed to make bacteria more visible, not differentiate between variations. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays. This method allows researchers to visualize the peptidoglycan layer found between the cell membrane and cell wall. Gram-positive cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan that stains purple. Gram-negative cells have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stain red. Gram-negative bacteria include Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, and Cyanobacteria.
Proteobacteria are a diverse gram-negative group of bacteria that contain both oxygen-loving (aerobic) and oxygen-avoiding (anaerobic) species. Salmonella and E. coli are members of this group, as is the bacteria behind stomach ulcers.
Chlamydias are parasitic, requiring an animal host for survival. Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan, and one species from this group causes the human illness chlamydia.
Spirochetes move in a rotating spiral fashion with the help of a motile cell structure, the flagella. Not all are pathogenic, but Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium in this group. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays.
Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that play an important role in the carbon cycle, converting carbon dioxide into organic compounds using energy from the sun. Ancient cyanobacteria were the evolutionary precursors of modern chloroplasts, the organelle involved in photosynthesis, and also helped to oxygenate the early Earth.
Gram-positive bacteria are responsible for strep infections, botulism, and anthrax.
Kingdom Eubacteria contains prokaryotic unicellular organisms. They can be found in just about every environment on Earth. They can be found in the water, in the air, and even in close association with animals, such as this koala. The bacteria live in the intestines of the koala and allow it to digest the leaves of eucalyptus. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays.
Archaea
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Archaea are prokaryotic organisms with a variety of structural and metabolic characteristics that distinguish them from bacteria.
The original classification of the Archaea was to place them within the kingdom Archaebacteria. While this classification scheme is not widely used anymore, it is still appropriate to include when comparing characteristics of all the kingdoms. This maintains consistency in the taxonomy and allows for six kingdoms instead of just five. This helps to further identify where these organisms sit in the hierarchy of life. Archaea share some characteristics with domain Bacteria, but genetic and other evidence indicates that archaea diverged from Bacteria a very long time ago Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays. Archaea are currently thought to be more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria, their fellow prokaryotes. Archaea cells lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, like bacterial cells. They also have a single circular chromosome. However, archaea cell walls do not have peptidoglycan, while bacterial cells do. Archaea also share some typically eukaryotic traits, many related to DNA. Like eukaryotes, some archaea have histones. A histone is a protein used to package DNA in condensed chromosomes. These proteins assist in DNA structure and control of gene expression. Archaea also have introns in some of their genes. An intron is a DNA sequence within a gene sequence that does not code for a specific protein; these must be removed from the mRNA during processing. This is a trait found in domain Eukarya but not in domain Bacteria. Archaea RNA polymerases (enzymes used to make mRNA) are also more similar to those of Eukarya than to those of domain Bacteria.
Archaea have some unique traits that are not shared by any other domain. For example, many have lipids with branches in their cell membranes, while organisms of other domains have unbranched lipids in the cell membrane. This trait is thought to help stabilize membranes at high temperatures, as it is more common in heat-loving archaea. The members of Archaea gained reputations for being extremophiles. An extremophile is an organism that thrives in extreme conditions such as extreme salinity, pressure, chemical concentration, or temperature. This is partially because the first identified archaea were found under conditions that would not support most other life. For example, some archaea live in the very salty Great Salt Lake in Utah. Another example is the archaea that live near deep-sea hydrothermal vents Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays. They thrive in very hot, high-pressure environments. Some archaea go beyond merely tolerating these extreme conditions and require them to survive. However, not all archaea live in such extreme conditions. For example, some reside in the human gut. A methanogen is an organism that uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas for energy. Methanogens release methane as a by-product. Among other functions, these archaea assist in digestion in some grass-eating animals, such as cattle. Oxygen is toxic to these archaea.
Archaea can be found in places where most other life cannot survive, such as under high-temperature, high-pressure conditions near deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Essays.
May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper
A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table
A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table
While the implementation plan prepares students to apply their research to the problem or issue they have identified for their capstone change proposal project, the literature review enables students to map out and move into the active planning and development stages of the project.
A literature review analyzes how current research supports the PICOT, as well as identifies what is known and what is not known in the evidence A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table. Students will use the information from the earlier PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table assignments to develop a 750-1,000 word review that includes the following sections:
1.Title page
2.Introduction section
3.A comparison of research questions
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4.A comparison of sample populations
5.A comparison of the limitations of the study
6.A conclusion section, incorporating recommendations for further research
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Literature Evaluation Table
Obesity
Student Name:
Change Topic (2-3 sentences):
Criteria
Article 1
Article 2
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Cochrane, A.J., Dick, B., King, N.A., Hills, A.P. & Kavanagh, D.J. BMC Public health. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4834-2
Foster, C., Moore, J.B., Singletary, C.R. and Skelton, J.A. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1111/cob.12230/full#publication-history
Article Title and Year Published
Developing dimensions for a multicomponent multidisciplinary approach to obesity management. Published in 2017
Clinicalobesity. Physical activity and family-based obesity treatment. Published in 2017
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis(Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study
The specific aims of this research were to operationalize a MCMD approach for obesity management and to develop a theoretical model that could guide the approach.
Identify family-centered strategies to be implemented by clinicians providing care for children and adolescents with obesity.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
Qualitative study.
Used a computerized qualitative data management system, nVivo (QSR, N8, 2010), to construct conceptual frameworks from the large volume of data generated by the convergent interviews.
Employed both qualitative and quantitative studies.
Setting/Sample
The stakeholders involved in the study are patients, practitioners, educators, and researchers.
Children and adolescents with obesity.
Methods: Intervention/Instruments
We used qualitative action research methods, including convergent interviewing and observation, to assist the process of inquiry.
Methods utilized here are statements, summations and recommendations from professional organizations involved in child and adolescent physical activity, exercise and health.
Analysis
A preliminary step in the research analysis was to determine whether or not stakeholders believed that current obesity approaches have not been effective. A second step was to identify whether stakeholders endorsed the development of a multicomponent multidisciplinary (MCMD) approach for obesity management as recommended by position papers.
The analysis of this review has focused on exercise and activity as a component of family-based obesity interventions, which also support the guidelines detailed here, including: encouraging and promoting increased physical and decreased sedentary activity; sports and organized/structured exercise programs; play and family activities; and high level of parent involvement.
Key Findings
The key finding of this research was to source problems and solutions reported by researchers, educators, policy influencers, practitioners and patients, to coproduce a MCMD approach to obesity management that addressed a number of practice issues or thematic concerns.
The key finds have been summarized guidelines by domains of: aerobic activity, muscle strengthening, bone strengthening, child developmental status and age, clinical settings, inclusion of family and recommendations for those with overweight and obesity.
Recommendations
Endorsed the development of a multicomponent multidisciplinary (MCMD) approach for obesity management as recommended by position papers.
60 min of PA a day for children/teens.
Most of the 60 min should be either moderate- or vigorous intensity aerobic PA.
Muscle-strengthening PA three times a week.
Bone-strengthening PA at least three times a week.
Families need to set a positive example by leading an active lifestyle. Make PA part of your family’s daily routine by taking family walks or playing active games together, make PA fun etc.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project
This article seeks to explain the multidisciplinary approaches used in the EBP examination of skills, knowledge, beliefs, and recommendations by the stakeholders in managing obesity.
This article supports and explains how obesity can be prevented by providing guidance for the amount of physical activity that children should acquire and how many days a week aerobics, bone strengthening and muscle strengthening activities should occur.
Criteria
Article 3
Article 4
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Carayol. J., Chabert, C., Di Cara, A., Armensie, C., Vlasesia, A. & Haper. J. Nature Communications Article. Retrieved from: https://www.nature. com/articles/s41467-017-02182-z#Abs1
Martin, A., Booth, J.N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J.J. & Saunders, D.H. Cochrane Database. Retrieved from: ttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1002/14651858.CD009728.
pub3/full
Article Title and Year Published
Protein quantitative trait locus study in obesity during weight-loss identifies a leptin regulator. Published in 2017
Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Published in 2018
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study
How can proteome analysis provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of complex traits like obesity?
Healthy weight interventions for improving thinking skills and school performance in children and teenagers with obesity? The aim of this Cochrane Review was to find out if healthy weight interventions can improve thinking skills and school performance in children and teenagers with obesity.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
Evidence based quantitative study. protein quantitative trait locus (pQTL) analysis.
Evidence based randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural interventions for weight management in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight.
Setting/Sample
932 Caucasian overweight or obese subjects were recruited in clinical centers from eight European countries. Participants followed an initial 8 weeks weight loss intervention on a low-calorie formula diet (LCD 3300 kJ/day, ca. 800 kcal) The mean weight loss during LCD was 10.3 kg.
Sample included 18 studies (59 records) of 2384 children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Eight studies delivered physical activity interventions, seven studies combined physical activity programmes with healthy lifestyle education, and three studies delivered dietary interventions. The studies took place in 10 different countries. Two were carried out in children attending preschool, 11 were conducted in primary/elementary school-aged children, four studies were aimed at adolescents attending secondary/high school and one study included primary/elementary and secondary/high school-aged children.
Methods: Intervention/Instruments
This study is part of the Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DIOGenes) intervention study. The method used here is a two-step pQTL-mapping strategy combined with eQTL mapping to limit the multiple testing burden and gain greater insight in the mechanism underlying the GWAS signal.
Did randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of behavioural interventions for weight management in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Used CENTRAL, MEDLINE and 15 other databases.
Analysis
To address the issue of obesity, they design a large-scale protein quantitative trait locus (pQTL) analysis based on a set of 1129 proteins from 494 obese subjects before and after a weight loss intervention.
Physical activity and healthy eating benefit a healthy body weight and improve thinking skills and school performance in children with a healthy weight. Studies found that healthy-weight interventions can reduce obesity in children and teenagers, but it is unknown if and how well healthy-weight interventions can improve thinking skills and school performance in children and teenagers with obesity.
Key Findings
Using data from a dietary intervention study in obese patients this study has identified multiple cis-pQTL and trans-pQTL signals associated with BMI at baseline and after the intervention.
The findings indicate that changing knowledge about nutrition, and changing the food offered in schools can lead to moderate improvements in general school achievement of teenagers with obesity, when compared to standard school practice. However, we need more high-quality healthy-weight interventions that test thinking skills and school performance, as well as health outcomes.
Recommendations
No specific recommendations are found in the study.
Future obesity treatment and prevention studies in clinical, school and community settings should consider assessing academic and cognitive as well as physical outcomes.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone
The study has revealed that proteome analysis can provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of complex traits like obesity.
This article may support my project to explain the importance of changing knowledge about nutrition, and changing the food offered compared to standard practice.
Criteria
Article 5
Article 6
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Torti, J., Liug, T., Borowitz, M., Johnson, JA., Sharma, AM., & Cambell-Shere, DL. BMC Family Practice. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12875-017-0596-2
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. Jama Network Journals. Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com
/journals/jama/fullarticle/1832542
Article Title and Year Published
The 5As team patient study: patient perspectives on the role of primary care in obesity management. Published in 2017
Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States. Published in 2014
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study
To assess whether lifestyle interventions to improve school achievement, cognitive function and/or future success in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight.
The aim of this article is to provide the most recent national estimates of childhood obesity, analyze trends in childhood obesity between 2003 and 2012, and provide detailed obesity trend analyses among adults.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
Qualitative research employing semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-2012) includes Data Source and Methods: Personal interviews, physical examinations, laboratory tests, nutritional assessment and DNA repository.
Setting/Sample
Sample of 28 patients from a cohort of 255 patients living with obesity and receiving care to support their weight management in a large Primary Care Network of family practices.
Weight and height or recumbent length were measured in 9120 participants in the 2011-2012 nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Methods: Intervention/Instruments
The 5As Team intervention study (5AsT) is a longitudinal randomized control trial with convergent mixed-methods evaluation. A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table
The intervention method used is approved by NHANES physical examination which is approve by National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, weight and height were measured in a standardized fashion. For children younger than 2 years, recumbent length was measured instead of standing height. In 2011-2012, 1.5% (141) of examined participants were missing weight and height or length measurements.
Analysis
The patient-physician relationship plays an important role in the adequacy of obesity management. Patients have clear expectations of substantive conversations with their primary care team. Complex conditions affect weight and patients require assistance tailored to individual obesity drivers. Current services provide support in important ways but are not yet meeting patient needs for individual plans, advanced education, and follow-up opportunities.
Analyses of trends in obesity prevalence among middle and high school students have shown mixed results. Data from many countries have shown a decline or stabilization of obesity levels, especially in children. Analysis of time trends depends on what is chosen as the initial point of examination.
Key Findings
This study helped understanding of patients’ perception of if, when, and how primary care clinicians and resources can support weight management.
Overall, there have been no significant changes in obesity prevalence in youth or adults between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012.
Recommendations
Patients expressed the need for weight management that is tailored to their individual set of comorbidities and provides strategies that are realistic and sustainable under their personal circumstances.
Obesity prevalence remains high and thus it is important to continue surveillance.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project
This article highlights the importance of family based health programs and patients’ perspectives on the role of primary care in obesity management and their experience with existing resources, with a view to develop an improved understanding of this perspective, and more effective management strategies.
This article advocates the importance of continuous monitoring or surveillance of factors affecting obesity in US that enforces the need to implement and practice evidence based practices to curtail obesity in US
Criteria
Article 7
Article 8
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and
Permalink or Working Link to Access Article
Swift, D. L., Johannsen, N. M., Lavie, C. J., Earnest, C. P., & Church, T. S. ELSEVIER Publication. Retrieved from: http://www.online pcd.com/article/S0033-0620(13)00165-5/fulltext
Skinner, A. C. & Skelton, J. A. The JAMA Network Journals. Retrieved from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics /article-abstract/1856480
Article Title and Year Published
The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance. Published in 2014
Prevalence and trends in obesity and severe obesity among children in the United States. Published in 2014
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study
What are the roles of Physical Activity(PA) and Exercise Training (ET) in the prevention of weight gain, initial weight loss, weight maintenance, and the obesity paradox?
To examine the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity over time for 14 years of the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2012, and to examine differences in the trends by age, race/ethnicity, and sex.
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)
Evidence based qualitative review on weight loss from different modalities of exercise training and physical activities.
Evidence based qualitative case studies taken from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey includes Data Source and Methods.
Setting/Sample
This article settings shows the amounts of physical activity based on goals for maintaining health, prevention of weight gain, promoting clinically significant weight loss, and prevention of weight gain after successful weight loss based on the American College of Sports Medicine position stand of Appropriate Physical Activity Intervention Strategies for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain for Adults.
A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table Representative sample (N = 26 690) of children in the United States, ages 2 to 19 years, in repeated cross-sections of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2012.
Methods: Intervention/Instruments
STRRIDE; Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise. DREW; Diabetes Aerobic and Resistance Exercise. PA; Physical activity and ET; exercise training are the methods employed in this study.
In this study, data came from the repeated cross-sections of the NHANES, 1999 to 2012. The NHANES is a stratified, multistage probability sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. It includes an in-home questionnaire on a variety of demographic and health-related topics, a computer-assisted interview, and an examination component consisting of a thorough physical examination including measured height and weight.
Analysis
The weight loss from ET programs without caloric restriction are very heterogeneous, based on the present literature patients who engage in a PA program may experience modest weight loss.
Nationally representative data do not show any significant changes in obesity prevalence in the most recently available years. But trends across 1999 to 2012 are positive overall and within certain subgroups. Prevalence rates for all categories of obesity increased among most groups from 2009 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012, although these differences are not statistically significant.
Key Findings
Exercise training, regardless of weight loss, provides numerous health benefits especially for overweight and obese individuals at risk for CV diseases or with current CV conditions.
The findings reflect those of earlier work using the NHANES where younger children and nonwhite participants were at greater risk for obesity and severe obesity. The greater prevalence rates of class 2 and class 3 obesity are particularly notable in adolescents and non-Hispanic black individuals. Additionally, overweight and obesity at all levels of severity are increasing significantly among Hispanic girls and non-Hispanic black boys.
Recommendations
Clinicians should attempt to encourage participants to adhere to ET programs over the long-term regardless of the amount of weight loss achieved, as CV benefits are readily achieved in the absence of weight loss. Clinicians can also advocate the use of caloric restriction in weight management plans. Importantly, PA contributes to the negative energy balance seen with caloric restriction
Although our results suggest that the prevalence of obesity is continuing to level off, research is needed to determine which, if any, public health interventions can be credited with this stability.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone
Throughout this literature review, from various ways, it reveals need for intervention, like that found in this EBP project, to combat rising levels of Obesity.
This article is very important to demonstrate because the high prevalence and upward trend of more severe forms of obesity will likely require more intensive interventions than can be done through widespread public health efforts.
Introduction
Obesity is a weight related condition that is described as BMI value exceeding 30. It is caused by physical activity and dietary changes linked with societal and environmental factors that act in concert with inadequate supportive education, distribution, marketing, environmental, food processing, transport, urban planning, agriculture, and health policies. Perhaps the most significant aspect of obesity is that it is a health risk factor that predisposes individuals to non-communicable chronic ailments such as stroke and apnea (Ogden et al., 2014; Skinner & Skelton, 2014; Swift et al., 2014). Based on this awareness, there is a need to adopt a preventive strategy when addressing obesity, with the focus being on children since they are at a young age when the condition is easily managed.
A comparison of research questions
The eight research articles answered a range of questions in a bid to improve awareness of the nature of obesity. Cochrane et al. (2017) asked two questions. The first question is: Can a MCMD approach be operationalized for obesity management? The second question is: Is it possible to develop a theoretical approach to guide the operationalization? A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table. Foster et al. (2017) asked the question: Do family-centered strategies exist that can be implemented by clinicians providing care for children and adolescents with obesity? Carayol et al. (2017) asked the question: How can proteome analysis provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of complex traits like obesity? Martin et al. (2018) asked the question: Can healthy weight intervention improve thinking skills and school performance in children and teenagers with obesity? Torti et al. (2017) asked the question: Can lifestyle intervention improve school achievement, cognition and/or future success in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight? Ogden et al. (2014) asked two questions. The first question is: What is the national of childhood obesity? The second question is: What are the childhood obesity trends between 2003 and 2012? Swift et al. (2014) asked the question: What are the roles of Physical Activity (PA) and Exercise Training (ET) in the prevention of weight gain, initial weight loss, weight maintenance, and the obesity paradox? Skinner and Skelton (2014) asked two questions. The first question is: What is the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity over time for 14 years of the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2012? The second question is: Are there differences in differences in the obesity trends by age, race/ethnicity, and sex? The research questions from the eight selected journal articles are all concerned with obesity management, with the focus being on its occurrence among children. There relevance to the current research is highlighted by the fact that they all address the same topic (obesity) for the same population (children).
A comparison of sample populations
Cochrane et al. (2017) applied a qualitative research approach that recruited patients, researchers, educators, and practitioners who were identified as stakeholders. Although the exact number of participants is not mentioned, the research concedes that a large volume of data was generated from interviews and observations. Foster et al. (2017) applied a mixed methodology approach that included elements of both qualitative and quantitative research in which children and adolescents with diabetes were recruited as the study participants. Carayol et al. (2017) applied a quantitative approach in which932 Caucasian overweight or obese subjects were recruited in clinical centers from eight European countries A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table. Martin et al. (2018) applied a literature review approached in which 18 studies applying evidence-based randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials on children and adolescents with obesity or overweight were evaluated. Torti et al. (2017) applied a qualitative research approach that employed semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis on 28 patients from a cohort of 255 patients living with obesity and receiving care to support their weight management. Ogden et al. (2014) relied on data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2011-2012 in which 9120 participants were recruited. Swift et al. (2014) relied on evidence-based qualitative review on weight loss from different modalities of exercise training and physical activities. Skinner and Skelton (2014) evaluated evidence-based qualitative case studies that had recruited 26,690 US children aged 2 to 19 years from 1999 to 2012. The present study will make use of these aspects by focusing on recruiting the participants from the population of interest (children with diabetes).
A comparison of the limitations of the study
The eight articles do not mention their limitations. Still, a notable limitation in the qualitative studies is that they recruited a small number of participants. Recruiting a large sample of participants will improve the results generalizability. Another limitation on the studies is that they did not focus on the children with obesity. Instead, they focused on mixed populations that included a range of age groups from children to adults. The present research will address the two limitations by recruiting a large sample of participants and focusing on children as a sample since the study population is children with obesity A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table.
Conclusion (with recommendations)
One must accept that obesity is a source of concern since it presents a high risk factor for other to non-communicable chronic ailments. In addition, one must acknowledge that the best strategy for addressing obesity is to focus on children, ensuring that they develop into healthy adults. Eight research studies have been present that contribute to the current research topic, but their results are limited by their focus on mixed populations and small sample recruited for qualitative studies. The present research will address the limitations by recruiting a large sample of participants to improve results generalizability, and focusing on children with obesity as the population sample. The intention is to present evidence that supports an efficient and effective strategy for improving obesity management results among children A literature review analyzes on Obesity based on PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table.
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References
Carayol. J., Chabert, C., Di Cara, A., Armensie, C., Vlasesia, A. & Haper. J. (2017). Protein quantitative trait locus study in obesity during weight-loss identifies a leptin regulator. Nature Communications 8, 2084 (2017). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02182-z#Abs1
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