ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy

May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper

ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy
ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy
Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy
Lab Objectives:
• Evaluate the dental formula of an unknown primate and place it within a major clade
• Interpret the difference between gradistic and cladistic methods of grouping primates
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• Identify the anatomical synapomorphies that distinguish the major primate clades
• Draw a cladogram to illustrate the modern, broadly-accepted primate phylogeny
Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & TaxonomyPurpose: To examine the skeletal traits that distinguish the major primate clades.
The study of non-human primates has been recognized since ancient times as relevant to understanding human anatomy. ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy. This was perhaps best recognized by a wide audience of scholars for the first time in 1735 when Carolus Linnaeus, despite his strong creationist views, included humans with other apes and monkeys in the group Anthropomorpha. By the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758 he had abandoned this term and began calling the group by the familiar name we now use: Order Primates. Linnaeus was motivated to group humans with other primates because of the many anatomical similarities that he perceived uniting them. In modern biological terms, we now refer to these structures as synapomorphies, or ‘shared derived traits.’ For instance, all primates have a broad, flat nail on their big toe, which is a structure unlike any of the narrow claws found in other mammals. We use synapomorphies like these to reconstruct patterns of shared ancestry and build cladograms to better understand the pattern of primate evolution and where humans belong in it. This method of reconstructing relationships between taxa based on shared derived characteristics is known as cladistics. ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy.
While morphology and phylogeny have shared a close relationship for centuries, the reliance on synapomorphies to group organisms is relatively recent. In the early 20th century, primatologists such as Wilfrid Le Gros Clark (famous for helping to debunk the Piltdown Man fraud) grouped primates based on their overall similarity in appearance. This method was reminiscent of Aristotle’s “Great Chain of Being,” with primitive primates at the base and humans at the apex. This way of thinking has been called gradistic, because it suggests primate evolution proceeds in a simple, uniform direction for all traits from primitive to derived. While this system has intuitive appeal, it does not correspond with the way we think evolution proceeds. Modern primatologists and anthropologists use cladistic methods based on a nested hierarchy of synapomorphies, because we believe these more accurately reflect how evolution works ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy.
Although phylogenetic trees are built today using cladistic methods, it is clear that gradistic thinking still subconsciously underlies much of our approach to reconstructing evolution. You may have already noticed that phylogenetic trees that include humans tend to place them at one extreme end of the tree, implying some directionality or end goal to evolution, even though there is no reason they need to be placed there! Within the primate order the shift from gradistic to cladistic thinking has impacted how we perceive the relationships of many taxa, most notably the tarsier, which we will investigate more in Station 3. ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy You will be exposed to more examples of gradistic thinking when looking at the human fossil record, where many features (such as brain size) are continuous, and identifying synapomorphies can be particularly difficult. For this lab we will investigate many of the important skeletal synapomorphies that define the largest primate clades.
Station 1: What defines a primate? (0.6 pt.)
A college happened upon a mystery skull while looking through a mammalian skeletal collection. She thinks it may be a primate and comes to you for your expert opinion. She cannot mail you the skull so she emails youaeveral photos. ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy. Examine the photos below. Use the list of primate features (found in the lab reading for this week) to help you make the distinctions ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy.
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Station 2: Dentition (2 pts.) Different primate clades can be identified by their dental formulae. Primates have 2 incisors, and 2-3 premolars (except the aye-aye, which has a very unusual dentition). Most other mammals have either more or fewer teeth. For the following questions, first determine the dental formula, then consider the cusp pattern.
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1. Write the dental formula for each of the craniums or mandibles provided:
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
2. Answer the following questions using the above dental formulae and the written/illustrated materials provided:
a) Which specimen is not a primate? How do you know?
b) Which specimen is a New World monkey? How do you know?
c) Does specimen “E” have the bilophodont or Y-5 molar cusp pattern? Based on this cusp morphology and its dental formula, what primate group does this specimen belong to?
d) Which mandible is human? What traits did you use to make your identification?
e) Which specimens are apes? How do you know? (Hint: you are an ape)
Station 3: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini (2 pts.)
Using the handouts, images, and websites, complete the following table illustrating some of the important morphological differences between each primate group.
Strepsirrhine: http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12540/region/skull/bone/cranium http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/loris-malaysia-usnm-84389  http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/loris-malaysia-usnm-84389-0  Haplorrhine: http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12538/region/skull/bone/cranium
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/gorilla-rwanda-usnm-396937-beringeicranium
 
 
with primitive primates in a grade called “Prosimia.” They are now grouped with monkeys and apes in a
 
Examine the tarsier skull (http://www.eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12544/region/skull/bone/cranium) and study the table. Tarsiers can be placed in the prosimian grade or in the haplorhine clade. Name one primitive, prosimian feature that tarsiers retain and one derived, haplorhine feature that they possess. Add which of these features is a synapomorphy, and which is a symplesiomorphy.
Prosimian feature:         Haplorhine feature:
 
2) Does the mystery skull at this station belong to a strepsirrhine or a haplorhine primate? List at least one trait which helped you determine this.
 
Station 4: Platyrrhini and Catarrhini (1.6 pts.)
The Haplorhine suborder is divided into two infraorders: Anthropoidea (Monkeys and Apes) and Tarsiiformes (tarsiers). ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy Anthropoidea is further divided into two parvorders: Platyrrhini and Catarrhini. Platyrrhines are native to Central and South America (the ‘New World’) and Catarrhines are native to Africa, Europe, and Asia (the ‘Old World’).
Platyrrhine: http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12546/region/skull/bone/cranium Catarrhine: http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12547/region/skull/bone/cranium  http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/baboon-usnm-258502 http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/baboon-usnm-258502-0
 
1) Based on what you’ve learned so far, identify what group the following “mystery primate” skulls belong to. To receive credit, list the character(s) you used to make your identification. 
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A) Is “A” a platyrrhine or catarrhine? How do you know? ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy.
B) Is “B” a platyrrhine or catarrhine? How do you know?
2) What advantages might there be to having a prehensile tail for an arboreal primate?
Station 5: Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea (1.8 pts.)
Within Catarrhini are the two superfamilies Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes). Use the table below to describe the features of each in relation to the other.
Cercopithecoid: http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12547/region/skull/bone/cranium  http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/baboon-usnm-258502 http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/baboon-usnm-258502-0 Hominoid: http://eskeletons.org/boneviewer/nid/12549/region/skull/bone/cranium
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/primate/siamang-indonesia-usnm-114497
 
1) Which two traits in the above table would be the most useful for determining if an animal was a cercopithecoid or a hominoid in the fossil record? Hint: think about discrete (traits which are either present or absent) vs. continuous traits.
2) List one human autapomorphy – a trait that humans have to the exclusion of all the other primates. Hint:
think about what makes humans unique within the order Primates.
Exercise 2: Systematics and Primate Phylogeny (2 pts.) 
Below is a hypothetical phylogeny for six different taxa (A–F). In the phylogeny, the appearance of a new character is represented as a number in a circle. For instance, Character 3 evolved sometime after the common ancestor of Taxa D, E, and F diverged from the common ancestor these taxa share with Taxon C. Character 3 would therefore be a shared, derived trait, or synapomorphy of taxa D, E, and F.
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A) Which character is a synapomorphy of E and F? ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy.
B) Is Character 1 a synapomorphy or a symplesiomorphy for taxa C and D?
C) Is Character 1 useful for reconstructing the relationship between C and D? Why or why not?
D) Of the 5 characters listed, which represents an autapomorphy?
Study the primate phylogeny in your textbook and fill in the blanks below. Be mindful of spelling: some names are very similar, but have different meanings!  If you are having difficulty filling out the phylogeny, you may print out the last page, neatly handwrite the answers in the blanks, and paste a picture of the phylogeny back into the document. ANT 3514C Lab 6: Primate Anatomy & Taxonomy.

NURS 6630 Final Exam

May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper

NURS 6630 Final Exam
NURS 6630 Final Exam Review Test Submission: Final Exam – Week 11
 

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DNRS-6630-14/DNRS-6630S-14/NURS-6630S-14/NURS-6630N-14-Approaches to Treatment-2022

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NURS 6630 Final Exam – Week 11

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Question 1

Patient is a 75-year-old female with a confirmed diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. She is currently on Donepezil 10 mg daily. She is accompanied to your clinic today by her daughter, who informs you that her mother has recently had an increase in depressive symptoms. She has no history of mood disorders. She has a history of hypertension and tonic-clonic seizures, but both are controlled NURS 6630 Final Exam. Assuming this patient will be thoroughly evaluated for the diagnosis of depression, what would you recommend as initial therapy?

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Response Feedback:
NURS 6630 Final Exam SSRIs are effective in treating depressive symptoms. Answer choices A & B are both TCAs and are advised against due to side effect profile and the fact this person is treatment naive (learned from previous exam) and answer choice D is contraindicated in a patient with seizures.

Question 2

Which club drug is structurally similar to GABA?

Response Feedback:
under club drugs; Options A & D are the same drug

NURS 6630 Final Exam Question 3

T. B. is a 55-year-old male who has diagnosed with type 2 diabetes 10+ years ago. He has since had complications from the disease and is suffering from severe neuropathy. On top of that, T. B. is struggling with his mental health and was recently told he could be depressed but he had refused treatment at that time. Besides getting his blood sugar under control, what medication(s) can we use that may be useful in helping T. B.?
I.            Nortriptyline
II.            Venlafaxine
III.            Duloxetine
IV.            Fluoxetine

Response Feedback:
“Among the antidepressants these include the TCAs and SNRIs (duloxetine and venlafaxine).”
– SSRIs – page 204: “There is little evidence to support the independent analgesic activity of SSRIs.”

Question 4

What baseline levels should you perform before initiating an anti-ADHD medication?

Response Feedback:
under Overview: “Before treatment with medications, it is usually important to measure baseline levels of height, weight, blood pressure, and pulse and to monitor them over the course of the treatment.”

NURS 6630 Final Exam Question 5

Which of the following alcohol screening tools lack sensitivity to detect hazardous/problem drinking?

NURS 6630 Final Exam Response Feedback:
“Compared to the SASQ or the AUDIT and AUDIT-C, the CAGE lacks sensitivity to detect hazardous/problem drinking.”

Question 6

Of the following neurotransmitters, which one(s) are known to be severely disrupted in the disease Dementia with Lewy Bodies?
I.            Acetylcholine
II.            Glutamate
III.            Dopamine
IV.            GABA
V.            Norepinephrine

Response Feedback:
under pathophysiology subtitle: “It is clear that both the cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems are severely disrupted.”

Question 7

If a patient is being managed for chronic pain and is not getting better after months of therapy with multiple agents (i.e., NSAIDs with opioids, muscle relaxants with NSAIDs, etc.), what should be your next step in helping the patient?
I.            Add a high-dose opioid if patient is not already on the maximum dose.
II.            Assess for a co-morbid psychiatric condition NURS 6630 Final Exam.
III.            Tell the patient you have exhausted all your options and there is nothing more you can do.
IV.            Refer the patient for a second opinion.

Response Feedback:
Both are good options. If the patient has never been assessed for a psychiatric condition, then it needs to be done to treat the underlying cause of his or her pain. And doing a referral will help get a second set of eyes on the patient to see where something may have been missed when initially treating the patient.
– Page 208, Box 17-1 has a blurb: If treated with opioids for more than 3 months then get a second opinion NURS 6630 Final Exam.
– Page 209 under conclusions: It explains how if the patient has a co-morbid psychiatric condition, it will worsen their pain and disability and should be addressed in addition to treating the pain.

Question 8

Drug addiction includes many prescription medications and illegal substances. Of the drugs listed, which ones can be withdrawn abruptly WITHOUT medical intervention to prevent withdraw seizures?

Response Feedback:
“Amphetamines can be withdrawn abruptly”

Question 9

Select all the criteria for what is considered “At-Risk Drinking.”
I.            Women: > 7 drinks in any given week
II.            Men: > 4 drinks per day
III.            Women: > 4 drinks per day
IV.            Men: > 14 drinks per week

Response Feedback:
III is wrong because it’s > 3 drinks per day for women

Question 10

Of the axons involved in the transmission of pain, which one is thinly myelinated and conducts that first feeling of pain that is often felt as coming on as a sharp, rapid feeling?

Response Feedback:
“A-∆ fibers are 2 to 5 µcm in diameter and are thinly myelinated. They conduct “first pain,” which is immediate, rapid, and sharp with a velocity of 20 m/sec.”

Question 11

T. K. is a 72-year-old female who has suffered many strokes in the past, likely due to uncontrolled hypertension and hyperlipidemia. She has now been diagnosed with vascular dementia due to memory loss and motor system slowing. What is the recommended treatment for T. K.? NURS 6630 Final Exam

Response Feedback:
“Treatment for vascular dementia involves control of vascular risk factors (e.g., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, inactivity, diabetes, excess alcohol use, cigarette smoking, hyperhomocysteinemia).” In addition to treating these causes of CNS vascular disease, some literature indicates that symptomatic treatments (such as cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine) may be helpful for cognition.

Question 12

NURS 6630 Final Exam There are many different types of dementia. Which dementia is NOT a direct result of disrupted neurotransmitters, but a result of degeneration of different regions in the brain? Onset of the disease is typically before the age of 60, and very rare after the age of 75.

Response Feedback:
under subtitle “Epidemiology and genetic risk factors”

Question 13

What is the difference between Ritalin and Focalin?

Response Feedback:
“The primarily active form of MPH appears to be the d-threo isomer, which is available in both immediate-release tablets (Focalin 2.5, 5, and 10 mg)”

Question 14

Response Feedback:
Table 15-3 has the three MOAs listed for the FDA-approved treatments of alcoholism.

Question 15

The experience of pain is ALWAYS subjective

Response Feedback:
“The experience of pain is always subjective.”

Question 16

Which of the following drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease helps normalize glutamate by antagonizing the NMDA receptor?

Question 17

Which of the following drugs is often used in the management of opioid addiction due to its ceiling effect?

Response Feedback:
“Because of the ceiling effect seen with partial opiate agonists, there is no pharmacological benefit from doses higher than 32 mg/day.”

Question 18

Which medication below would you use in addition to benzodiazepine treatment if the patient is experiencing psychosis during alcohol withdrawal delirium?

Response Feedback:
NURS 6630 Final Exam “Haloperidol 50 to 10 mg PO or IM may be added and repeated after 1 to 2 hours when psychosis or agitation is present.”

Question 47

Which features are consistent with delirium?
I.            Acute onset
II.            Gradual onset
III.            Course of disease fluctuates
IV.            Course of diseases does not fluctuate
V.            Impaired attention
VI.            Normal attention

Response Feedback:
“The onset of delirium is typically acute or subacute, the course often has marked fluctuations, and level of consciousness and attention are impaired.”

Question 48

Select the correct treatment regarding drugs involved in addiction management and their corresponding mechanism of action.

Response Feedback:
under Overdose subtitle: “Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine antagonist, reverses the life-threatening effects of a benzodiazepine overdose.”

Question 49

NURS 6630 Final Exam Benzodiazepines can be withdrawn abruptly despite duration of therapy/abuse.

Response Feedback:
Benzodiazepines should never be stopped suddenly; Page 194 “Under no circumstances should benzodiazepines be stopped abruptly.”

Question 50

Which medication(s) requires a test dose to determine accurate use of the drug (i.e., how addicted the patient truly is on a certain drug) before beginning a titration schedule to withdrawal the patient?
I.            Butalbital
II.            Lorazepam
III.            Hydrocodone

Response Feedback:
“Treatment should begin with an oral test dose of 200 mg of pentobarbital, a short-acting-barbiturate.” NURS 6630 Final Exam