May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper
COMPARISON BETWEEN PENNSYLVANIA AND TEXAS APRN BOARD OF NURSING REGULATIONS ESSAY
Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay
It’s every nurse’s responsibility to know and understand their state’s regulations to ensure that they are practicing within the scope of their licensing, as each state has its distinct rules. Nurses, midwives, specialty nurses, and nurse anesthetists are all examples of advanced practice nurses. Patients are admitted to primary care hospitals as outpatients and into the community, focusing on illness prevention and health management. Primary health care providers frequently work in rural areas, providing health care to many disadvantaged individuals (Kapu,2021). As a current registered nurse in Pennsylvania working on my master’s degree, it’s critical to be aware of upcoming obligations to avoid potential misconduct. Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay.
The State Board of Nursing is responsible for the licensure, certification, and regulation of registered nurses, practical nurses, certified registered nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, dietitian-nutritionists, and graduate nurses who practice professional and practical nursing and dietetics-nutrition in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay. The Board grants licenses and certifications to qualifying candidates authorize nursing education programs, defines practice standards, and sanctions licensees and unlicensed persons who violate the Acts and rules (Pennsylvania Department of State, n.d)
PENNSYLVANIA APRN BOARD OF NURSING REGULATIONS
In Pennsylvania, where I currently reside, nurse practitioners (NPs) can diagnose medical conditions, establish and implement treatment plans, order and perform diagnostic tests, and provide other healthcare services if they have a formal collaboration agreement with a licensed physician. The physician’s availability to the NP via direct connection or telecommunication, a plan for emergency services, and the physician’s regular examination of the charts and records of patients under the NP’s care must all be addressed in the collaborative agreement. In addition, a formal partnership agreement with a physician allows NP to prescribe medications, devices, and Schedule II-V prohibited substances. If the supervising physician is certified, trained, or licensed to treat and manage patients with opioid use disorder, Pennsylvania NPs with the requisite training or experience can acquire a federal waiver to prescribe buprenorphine-containing medicines (Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners, n.d) Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PENNSYLVANIA AND TEXAS APRN BOARD OF NURSING REGULATIONS
I chose the states of California to differentiate from Pennyslvania’s APRN board of nursing regulations. Pennsylvania is under a reduced practice that explains that the law requires that the NP provide patient care only through a regulated collaborative relationship with another health provider or limits some aspects of NP practice. Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay On the other hand, California is under a restricted practice means an NP is required by state law, under the supervision, delegation, or management of another provider during their career (AANP, n.d).
A California nurse practitioner works with physicians instead of entering into a collaborative agreement; NPs must work under a physician’s supervision and adhere to standardized procedures (California Board of Nursing, n.d). On the other hand, NPs are regulated in Pennsylvania under a “collaborative agreement” with physicians to deliver patient care. Another difference is that in California, NPs are not allowed to sign death certificates. Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay At the same time, NPs in Pennsylvania are permitted to certify the cause of death and sign the death certificate (The Hospital & Health System Association of Pennsylvania, n.d).
In conclusion, to adhere with these regulations, APRNs must stay current on education and practices that relate to the care they provide. They can also join professional organizations that allow them access to journals and continuing education. The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) is an excellent example of a professional organization supporting APRNs. In addition, APRNs can get certified and gain experience in their professional field.
References:
Advanced Practice and Certification. (n.d.). https://www.rn.ca.gov/applicants/ad-pract.shtml#np
American Association of Nurse Practitioners. (2021, January 1). State practice environment. https://www.aanp.org/advocacy/state/state-practice-environment Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay
In the Hospital Setting Pennsylvania Hospital Quality: Achieving More Together. (2021). https://pspa.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/HAP2013HospitalSettingMatrixFinal.pdf
Pennsylvania Department of State. https://www.dos.pa.gov/ProfessionalLicensing/BoardsCommissions/Nursing/Pages/default.aspx
Scope of Practice – Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners. (2020). https://www.pacnp.org/page/ScopeofPractice
Walden University Library. Kapu, A. (2021). Patients are Choosing Nurse Practitioners as Their Primary Care Provider in Many Communities Across the US. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 51(9), 422–423. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000001040
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5 months ago
Betsy Koplin
RE: Discussion – Week 5
COLLAPSE
Hi Cyrin,
Great comparison between Pennsylvania nurse practitioner (NP) regulations and California. I found it interesting the difference between the reduced practice and restrictive practice from state to state, especially that the NP could have access to their supervisory physician via telehealth communication, not necessary face to face. In California, on the other hand their regulation is stricter stating the physician is a more managing and delegating relationship than supervisory. Nurse practitioners in Maine and New Hampshire can also take a course to have the authorization to prescribe buprenorphine like Pennsylvania Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay.
The regulations you discussed regarding signing of a death certificate got me curious about regulations in the states I compared. Both Maine and New Hampshire allow nurse practitioners to sign death certificates (NCSBN, n.d.) Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay. It is interesting to me the varied regulations from state to state. State interest in regulating professions like licensed nurse practitioners is to protect the safety, health, and welfare of its citizens (Milstead & Short, 2019). It is fascinating to me the differences from state to state and what they consider necessary in overseeing the profession of nursing.
-Betsy
References:
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2021, from https://www.maine.gov/boardofnursing/laws-rules/index.html.
Discussion: Professional Nursing and State-Level Regulations
Boards of Nursing (BONs) exist in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands. Similar entities may also exist for different regions. The mission of BONs is the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice. BONs put into practice state/region regulations for nurses that, among other things, lay out the requirements for licensure and define the scope of nursing practice in that state/region Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay.
It can be a valuable exercise to compare regulations among various state/regional boards of nursing. Doing so can help share insights that could be useful should there be future changes in a state/region. In addition, nurses may find the need to be licensed in multiple states or regions.
To Prepare:
Review the Resources and reflect on the mission of state/regional boards of nursing as the protection of the public through the regulation of nursing practice.
Consider how key regulations may impact nursing practice.
Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay
Review key regulations for nursing practice of your state’s/region’s board of nursing and those of at least one other state/region and select at least two APRN regulations to focus on for this Discussion..
By Day 3 of Week 5
Post a comparison of at least two APRN board of nursing regulations in your state/region with those of at least one other state/region. Describe how they may differ. Be specific and provide examples. Then, explain how the regulations you selected may apply to Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) who have legal authority to practice within the full scope of their education and experience. Provide at least one example of how APRNs may adhere to the two regulations you selected.
By Day 6 of Week 5
Respond to at least two of your colleagues* on two different days and explain how the regulatory environment and the regulations selected by your colleague differ from your state/region. Be specific and provide examples Comparison between Pennsylvania and Texas APRS board of nursing regulations essay.
May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper
Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay
Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay
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Operant and respondent (classical) conditioning are both used to establish and modify behaviors. These concepts originated in the field of behavioral psychology and share similarities and differences. Perhaps the clearest example of the difference between the two concepts is whether the behavior to be modified is automatic (i.e., involuntary) or under the subject’s conscious control (i.e., voluntary) Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay.
A thorough understanding of the similarities and differences between respondent (classical) conditioning and operant conditioning can provide you clarity about which would be most appropriate to apply in a given learning situation.
For this Discussion, you will contrast operant conditioning and respondent (classical) conditioning in the acquisition of a behavior and a rationale for the use of each. You will also identify behaviors that could be established using each technique.
To Prepare
Review the Learning Resources for this week.
Contrast operant conditioning and respondent conditioning in the acquisition of a behavior and consider why each works with some behaviors and not with others.
Select two behaviors, one that could be established through operant conditioning and one that could be established through respondent conditioning.
Review the interactive media in the Learning Resources, “Respondent or Operant Conditioning?”
By Day 4 of Week 8
Post an explanation contrasting operant conditioning and respondent conditioning in the acquisition of a behavior. Be sure to identify why each works with some behaviors and not with others. Then, explain why each of the two behaviors you chose is more appropriate for respondent or operant conditioning Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay.
WK 8 Discussion: Respondent and Operant Conditioning
sample 1
What are the main factors for the contradiction between operant Conditioning and respondent conditioning? According to the article, Conditioning was undoubtedly not the insignificant survival of a thriving response; it increased the response rate or the reflex strength. (Skinner, 1998) We can determine that the behavior is shaped because of the consequences, and the shaping is due to either reinforcement or punishment.
Also, operant Conditioning concentrates on strengthening or weakening spontaneous behaviors. In respondent conditioning, the pairing of the neutral and unconditioned stimuli evokes a different or learned response. When focusing on automatic, involuntary behaviors and indicates the behavior is not yet displaying, not until following the Conditioning.
Operant conditioning works with punishing the undesirable behavior for decreasing and reinforcing the good behavior to increase. For example, we may provide stickers as a reward to the children who did great at school, and providing the reward is positive reinforcement. A different example where operant Conditioning does not work with some behavior is when there is a punishment, and we utilize punishment to decrease undesirable behavior Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay.
Nonetheless, there are occasions that instead of reducing it, the behavior that we want to decrease starts to increase. For example, if we punish a child because of his bad grades and behavior in school, she may rebel rather than behave. An example of respondent conditioning that works with some behavior is when we attempt to get rid of fear or a phobia. If someone has a phobia of dogs, and while displaying the dog, we pair it with a piece of relaxing music. It could work with moderate phobia but not with severe cases.
Increasing and decreasing a particular behavior is suitable in operant Conditioning as its primary objective is to either reinforce good behavior and punish bad behavior. Reducing any phobias or fear in respondent conditioning is also reasonable and suitable as we can apply the concepts to reduce the symptoms of the phobia undergone by a person.
Reference
Skinner, B. F. (1998). The experimental analysis of operant behavior: A history. In R. W. Rieber & K. Salzinger (Eds.), Psychology: Theoretical-historical perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 289–299). American Psychological Association Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay.
Read your colleagues’ postings.
Note: For this discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the To Participate in this Discussion link, then select Create Thread to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!
By Day 6 of Week 8
Respond to at least two colleagues’ posts by expanding on each of their explanations of how their chosen behaviors are more appropriate for respondent or operant conditioning.
Be sure to support your posts and responses with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or the internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your posts and responses. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.
Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained because of your colleagues’ comments.
sample 2
Classical conditioning was described by Pavlov. In classical conditioning, the animal is passive or restrained. Here, the learning process occurs by continuous exposure and experience. It results from the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus (which becomes conditioned) with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response (the unconditioned stimulus). Behaviors that could be developed include; Stimulus generalization-which occurs when a conditioned stimulus is transferred to another. Example if a dog begins to respond to tuning fork just as it responds to Bell. This theory would explain the ability to learn from similarities. Another behavior include; Discrimination-the process of recognizing and responding to the differences between stimuli. Example when an animal begins to respond differently to two different bells.
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Operant Conditioning was described by B.F. Skinner. The animal has to do something to get a reward or punishment. Operant Conditioning can be primary reward conditioning, escape conditioning, avoidance conditioning, secondary reward conditioning. In Primary reward conditioning; the animal learns to operate on the environment to obtain a biological reward such as food or water. In Escape conditioning; the animal learns to get out of a place it prefers not to be. In Avoidance conditioning; the animal learns to respond to a cue to avoid punishment In Secondary reward conditioning; the instrumental behavior is used to get a non biological reward which may have been used to get a biological reward. Example collecting tokens which can be exchanged for food. But later the animal just works to earn the tokes even when it is not interested in exchanging them for food.
Operant conditioning can be reinforced. A re-inforcer is anything that maintains a response or increases the strength of the response. The re-inforcer rewards the animal and reinforces the behavior (response) Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay
References
Harris, B. (2002). Whatever Happened to Little Albert? W.E. Pickren & D.A. Dewsbury (Eds.), Evolving perspectives on the history of psychology (pp. 237-245). American Psychological Association.
Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., (2020). Applied behavior analysis
Skinner, B.F (1998). The experimental analysis of operant behavior: A history in R.W Rieber & K. Salzinger (Eds.), Psychology: Theoretical historical perspectives (2nd ed; pp 289-299).
Waiden University, LLC. (2021). Respondent and operant conditioning (Video). Walden University Blackboard. https://class.walden.edu
sample 3
Keller and Schoenfeld (Cooper et. al, 2020 pg. 34) suggest that “operant conditioning is visible everywhere within the activities of humans from birth to death”. It considers the “consequences on behavior because they influence a response and determine if a similar response will occur again. Dr. Little (Walden University, 2021) explains how with operant conditioning the organism or human subject will “learn the relationship between their own behavior from either reinforcing or punishing consequences”. For instance, reinforcement in operant conditioning strengthens the probability that a response will occur again. Whereas punishment decreases the likelihood that the response will occur. Operant conditioning is only concerned with how “consequences affect future behaviors” (Cooper et. al., 2020 pg. 34) Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay.
Classical or respondent conditioning on the other hand considers the “responses that the organism or human has little to no control over” (Walden University LLC., 2021). It suggests that “neutral stimuli can obtain the ability to elicit a response by learning” (Cooper et. al, 2020 pg. 30). Take Pavlov’s experiment for example. He found that a neutral stimulus by itself doesn’t elicit a response. It is only when the neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that it can elicit a response. Dr. Little (2021) explains in his lecture how an “unconditioned stimulus naturally brings about a specific behavior or response”. The “unlearned reaction or unconditioned response is then brought on by the unconditioned stimulus” (Walden University LLC., 2021). When the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus it becomes a conditioned stimulus that can elicit a response. The conditioned stimulus elicits the same response as the neutral stimulus. When the neutral stimulus elicits the response, it becomes a conditioned response. The conditioned response occurs when another stimulus other than one that naturally occurs produces it” (Walden University LLC., 2021). Conditioned is another way of saying something is learned. Cooper et. al. (2020) explains how “Pavlov found out that once a response was conditioned it could weaken if the conditioned stimulus was presented repeatedly whenever the unconditioned stimulus wasn’t present”. This causes extinction, which doesn’t allow the connection to the neutral stimulus. Dr. Little (2021) says that “spontaneous recovery occurs after extinction when a behavior is able to occur if there is another presentation of the neutral stimulus”. Stimulus generalization says that a behavior can be generalized (Walden University LLC., 2021). Dr. Little (2021) continues in his lecture to explain how “stimulus discrimination allows you to respond differently to two or more stimuli that may appear similar but are very much distinct”. A conditioned response can also occur by the pairing of a neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus which is known as the higher order conditioning.
In contrasting operant and respondent conditioning: respondent conditioning is behavior that automatically occurs, and we can’t control it such as sneezing or jerking away when you’re startled by something. Whereas operant conditioning deals with behaviors that we can control. For instance, a child that completes their homework daily because their parents said that at the end of the week, they will get pizza. I think they each work with some behaviors and not others because the behaviors need to be able to be observed and measured. You can observe someone sneezing and take data on how often the individual sneezes, but you can’t take data on someone feeling hopeful or determined. I think the behavior of sneezing is more appropriate for respondent conditioning because you can’t control when you will sneeze and it is something that naturally occurs. The behavior of completing homework to obtain pizza on Fridays is something that can be controlled. The individual can control if they will get pizza or not by completing the homework Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay.
References
Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson.
Walden University, LLC. (2021). Respondent and operant conditioning [Video]. Walden University Blackboard. https://class.waldenu.edu Respondent and Operant Conditioning Essay
