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Module 1: Discussion 2
Providing culturally appropriate care is a challenge for the advanced practice nurse.. The phenomena of communication according to Giger and Davidhizar’s model can shape care. Describe appropriate ways to communicate with patients from various cultures.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to one student by Sunday at midnight. Both responses should be a minimum of 150 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text) for both posts. Refer to the Grading Rubric for Online Discussion in the Course Resource section NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop.
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As in all relationships, communication is the key to understanding and respect. For health care professionals it is particularly a challenge. Our health care language itself can be confusing in any culture. The use of translators can have a powerful impact on dialogue and safety and it is vital to be aware of non-verbal and societal cues as well.
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Jeff MahoneySubscribe
Jeffrey Mahoney posted Aug 31, 2021 11:28 AM
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For instance, an advanced practice nurse may notice that an Amish child may exhibit the physical symptoms of pain but not express it verbally (Davidhizar et al., 2006). A provider may also note that some Asian cultures consider avoiding eye contact as respectful (Davidhizar et al., 2006). It is also interesting to consider how language directs cultures. For example, Davidhizar et al. (2006) illuminates the German wording for a job is the English equivalent to vocation. As such, Germans view their work as a calling and are far less likely to leave their workplace. Davidhizar, R., Giger, J. N., & Hannenpluf, L. W. (2006). Using the Giger-Davidhizar transcultural assessment model (GDTAM) in providing patient care. The Journal of Practical Nursing, 56(1), 20-5.less5 UnreadUnread13 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Francesca Provencher
Last post September 6 at 10:48 AM by Francesca Provencher
Giger, J. N., & Davidhizar, R. (2002). The Giger and Davidhizar transcultural assessment model. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 185-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003004
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As a provider, we must be mindful of these differences in culture. Additionally, it can be helpful to obtain a medical dictionary of commonly encountered languages, educational material in those languages, and utilizing a translator whenever possible (Davidhizar et al., 2006).
According to Giger and Davidhizar’s transcultural assessment model (2002), the culturally competent advanced practice nurse must keep in mind that patient’s will vary in terms of environment, biological variations, time, space, social organization, and communication. Similarly, communication can vary by dialect, language style, volume of speech, touch, context of speech or tone, and kinesthetics (Davidhizar et al., 2006).
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Frances Hall posted Aug 30, 2021 3:22 PM
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Intercultural communication in nursing is face-to-face, verbal or nonverbal communication that occurs between people of different cultures. Its defining attributes are (1) meeting between language and culture for a specific purpose and (2) face-to-face (in-person or virtual) human interaction between individuals from different cultures (Mosed et al., 2021).The LEARN (Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate) model is a framework for cross-cultural communication that helps build mutual understanding and enhance patient care (Ladha et al., 2018). I liked this model as it helps in better communication, and it starts by listening and bringing an attitude of curiosity and humility to promote trust and understanding. I also feel that negotiating with patient and their families regarding culturally relevant approaches also creates trust and forms a better partnership. Albougami, A. (2016). Comparison of four cultural competence models in transcultural nursing: A discussion paper. International Archives of Nursing and Health Care, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-5823/1510053Mosed, H., Periord, M., & Caboral‐Stevens, M. (2021). A concept analysis of intercultural communication. Nursing Forum. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12622more1 UnreadUnread6 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Jerrica Goins
Last post September 5 at 10:01 PM by Jerrica Goins
Ladha, T., Zubairi, M., Hunter, A., Audcent, T., & Johnstone, J. (2018). Cross-cultural communication: Tools for working with families and children. Paediatrics & Child Health, 23(1), 66–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx126
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According to Giger and Davidhizar, there are six dimensions common to every culture: communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, and biological variation(Albougami, 2016). The first dimension is communication, which is the holistic process of human interaction and conduct. The use and preservation of communication takes several forms verbal, nonverbal, and written and differs in terms of expression, language and dialect, voice tone and volume, context, emotional implication, facial expression, gestures, and body language. Language can become a barrier to quality healthcare due to simple misunderstandings and failure to communicate as intended (Albougami, 2016).
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Jerrica Goins posted Sep 1, 2021 9:09 PM
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Communication is a foundational principle that connects people and allows interactions to take place. Communication is a crucial component in all steps of the health care process. Improved awareness helps eliminate assumptions made during care and gives voice to patients, so they can adequately express their concerns. Cultural competence includes providing effective health care across diverse cultures by working collaboratively and communicating effectively (Ladha et al., 2018). Understanding cultural diversity in nursing also helps close the gap in health equity, reducing health disparities affecting minority populations such as higher morbidity rates and lower-quality care. Crosscultural communication includes strategies that acknowledge individual cultural traditions, avoid generalizing a patient’s beliefs or values based on cultural norms, and take into account one’s own beliefs, values, and experiences (Brown et al., 2016). Using shared language during conversation is an effective strategy when communicating across cultures. Another communication strategy is the ask-tell-ask which engages in culturally competent communication. This framework encourages a two-way conversation, in which the patient is first asked for their input that will provide the clinician with an understanding of the kinds of information desired and ways to communicate the information. Finally, the patient will teach back what they have heard to ensure that the clinician gave information in a way that is easily understood. Additionally, being aware of non-verbal communication is equally as important as it can be interpreted in different ways by other cultures.References Ladha, T., Zubairi, M., Hunter, A., Audcent, T., & Johnstone, J. (2018). Cross-cultural communication: Tools for working with families and children. Paediatrics & Child Health, 23(1), 66–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx126less1 UnreadUnread2 Views Views
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View profile card for Emily Meeks
Last post September 5 at 4:01 PM by Emily Meeks
Brown, E. A., Bekker, H. L., Davison, S. N., Koffman, J., & Schell, J. O. (2016). Supportive Care: Communication Strategies to Improve Cultural Competence in Shared Decision Making. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11(10), 1902–1908. https://doi.org/10.2215/cjn.13661215
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Donna Wrobel posted Sep 1, 2021 1:21 PM
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Giger and Davidhizar developed the Transcultural Assessment Model in order to guide patient care to culturally diverse populations. The model illustrates that all individuals are unique and that their care should be determined based on their distinct needs and beliefs. They determined that culture is based on beliefs and experiences in six areas: communication, time, space, social organization, environmental control and biological variations. According to the model, communication refers to the methods and means that beliefs and customs are exchanged among people in a specific cultural group. Communication occurs from verbal and nonverbal interactions and often can be the cause of difficulties in working with patients from different cultural backgrounds (Giger & Davidhizar, 2002).Communication also is important when the spoken language is the same, but the patient is a member of a different culture, such as with patients who have a mental illness or patients who identify as gay or transgender. Providers must be sensitive to the needs of these populations and utilize verbal and body language that is inclusive and respectful. Providers should be especially sensitive to socioeconomic and psychological needs regarding employment, housing and income as these can affect access to care (Safran et al., 2009). When discussing behaviors and beliefs with the patient, the provider must exhibit compassion so that the patient does not feel criticized. They should encourage and assist clients to participate in their own care in order to establish health-related goals, plans and interventions so that health outcomes can be improved (Okeya, 2021).ReferencesMcElfish, P., Long, C. R., Rowland, B., Moore, S., Wilmoth, R., & Ayers, B. (2017). Improving culturally appropriate care using a community-based participatory research approach: Evaluation of a multicomponent cultural competency training program, arkansas, 2015–2016. Preventing Chronic Disease, 14. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170014Safran, M. A., Mays, R. A., Huang, L., McCuan, R., Pham, P., Fisher, S., McDuffie, K. Y., & Trachtenberg, A. (2009). Mental health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 99(11), 1962–1966. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.167346less1 UnreadUnread3 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Jahenein Nagel
Last post September 5 at 12:12 PM by Jahenein Nagel
Okeya, O. E. (2021). A critical analysis of transcultural nursing. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research, 6(1), 31–34.
Giger, J., & Davidhizar, R. (2002). The giger and davidhizar transcultural assessment model. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003004
In general, communication can dictate the patient’s perception of whether the care they receive is appropriate and can influence their health outcomes. Providers should make every effort to learn and understand the practices and beliefs of their patients in order communicate effectively as this is ultimately their responsibility.
As the US becomes more culturally diverse, it is important that healthcare providers make every effort to practice culturally competent care. The first step that providers should take is to examine their own beliefs and practices in order to uncover any hidden biases. One study discovered evidence of racial bias in interpersonal interactions between providers and patients of Hispanic culture undermined the care relationship resulting in decreased health outcomes (McElfish et al., 2017). Healthcare providers should learn about the cultural beliefs of the populations in their areas and make behavioral changes to facilitate better communication between themselves and their patients. Some techniques include learning and incorporating knowledge of cultural beliefs such as the significance of foods and natural medicines in plans of care. Understanding family dynamics when discussing health issues with the patient and utilizing visual cues such as body language or tone of voice may indicate when a patient is experiencing discomfort. Written materials and signage should be translated into commonly utilized languages to be more accessible to patients and healthcare interpreters can be utilized to ensure that patients can easily communicate with the provider, rather than relying on family members to communicate for them. Training is available for providers to learn basic medical terminology in other languages, which indicates a willingness to learn and to help facilitate better communication (McElfish et al., 2017) NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop.
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Julie Robichaud posted Aug 30, 2021 4:00 PM
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There are many ways to communicate with patients from various cultures. The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Model provides a framework for assessing and assisting with communication (Giger & Davidhizar, 2002). There are six cultural phenomena: communication, time, space, social organization, environmental control, and biological variations (Giger & Davidhizer, 2002). Communication encompasses the patient and provider interaction. Communication should be clear, both verbally and nonverbally. The specific culture needs are important in making this happen. Space is another consideration regarding different cultures when it comes to personal distance. This should be assessed prior to the interaction because it can deter treatment or upset the balance that has already taken place. Social organization and family structure need to be assessed. Many cultures live as a family structure and want everyone involved in their care. Time is an important consideration because different cultures can be past, present, or future oriented (Gigor & Davidhizer, 2002). This could impact preventative care. Environmental control may be different in many cultures. There should be a variety of clinical settings available for healthcare services related to cultural preferences. This will create a safe and comfortable space. Biological variations are prevalent among racial groups (Giger & Davidhizer, 2002). Culture, genetics, and race all need to be recognized when providing healthcare. Giger, J.N. & Davidhizer, R. (2002). The Giger and Davidhizer transcultural assessment model. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003004Jongen, C., McCalman, J. & Bainbridge, R. (2018). Health workforce cultural competency interventions: A systemic scoping review. BMC health services research, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3001-5less2 UnreadUnread9 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Emilia Rodriguez
Last post September 5 at 2:06 AM by Emilia Rodriguez
Gopalkrishnan, N. (2019). Cultural competence and beyond: Working across cultures in culturally dynamic partnerships. The International Journal of Community and Social Development, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2516602619826712
Cultural competence is necessary in transcultural nursing. According to Gopalkrishnan (2019), there are three elements in cultural competence: the affective element, the cognitive element, and the behavioral element. The affective element helps build positive relationships through sensitivity, openness, and respect (Gopalkrishnan, 2019). The cognitive element includes becoming knowledgable about the culture and the behavior element involves learning the skills that are needed for the patient/provider relationship (Golpalkrishnan, 2019). To ensure cultural competence across the board, education and training in healthcare facilities have shown benefit (Jongen et al., 2018). More research with evidence-based knowledge is needed on the evaluation and application of knowledge, and the impact of cultural competent interventions (Jongen et al, 2018) NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop.
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Gisselle Mustiga posted Aug 31, 2021 9:43 PM
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The patient’s cultural background has a significant impact on how they behave. Therefore, nurses need to be aware of and respect the culture of the patient they are caring for, even when it is different from theirs (Andrews et al., 2020). This is important because the patient will view the nurse as sensitive and exceptional and even incompetent in their work. The most appropriate way of communicating with patients from a different culture is to view them as individuals and not assume that all people from a particular culture behave and think the same way. In addition, nurses should find more information about the culture of the patient using a questionnaire or the culture assessment tool and record them to be used by other healthcare team members involved (Sagar, 2014). Notably, nurses could practice enhancing communication in patients with different cultures are; greeting the patient using their last name, using simple terms during an assessment, and using any word from a patient’s language that they know and is appropriate. Andrews, M., Boyle, J., & Collins, J.W. (2020). Transcultural concepts in nursing care (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. New York, NY: Pearson.Sagar, P. L. (Ed.). (2014). Transcultural Nursing Education Strategies. Springer Publishing Company.less1 UnreadUnread2 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Idida Aleman Musial
Last post September 4 at 10:08 PM by Idida Aleman Musial
Giger, J. N., & Haddad, L. (2020). Transcultural Nursing-E-Book: Assessment and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences.
References
Moreover, nurses should always prioritize modesty according to the patient’s cultural preferences when practicing their profession. For instance, some Islamic and Jewish women believe that clothing covering their legs, arms, and legs is modesty. Nurses should therefore respect their culture by ensuring that they remain covered during healthcare procedures and treatments. Also, the perspective of the patient and families might conflict with nursing guidelines when a patient does not want to be informed about their sickness and prefer the family to take the burden of making decisions for themselves. In as much as this conflict with the issue of full disclosure and informed consent, nurses should respect these opinions (Giger, 2020). They should not reveal the patient’s condition on their own, which will bring up the issue of cultural conflict NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop.
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Emilia Rodriguez posted Sep 1, 2021 6:49 PM
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Culturally-Appropriate Communication Another strategy is practicing active listening which is an important tool for improving cross-cultural communication. It involves summarizing or restating the words of the other person that the nurse communicates with to ensure that they have been understood correctly. It also involves frequent asking of questions in areas in which the nurse needs clarification (Li et al., 2017). This method of communication is essential for building a rapport in cross-cultural communication and in ensuring that crucial information is not missed or misunderstood. The final strategy is to be supportive in the communication process. Effective communication with members of different cultures is dependent on all parties feeling comfortable( Derrington, Paquette & Johnson, 2018). In engaging patients, it is necessary to be respectful and to encourage them when they give their responses which help in building their confidence and establishment of trust.Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., & Carrillo, J. E. (2019). Cross-cultural care and communication. UpToDate, Waltham, MA Accessed, 7.Li, C., Son, N., Abdulkerim, B. A., Jordan, C. A., & Son, C. G. E. (2017). Overcoming communication barriers to healthcare for culturally and linguistically diverse patients. North American Journal of Medicine and Science, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.7156/najms.2017.1003103]more2 UnreadUnread1 Views Views NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop
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View profile card for Jennifer Johnson
Last post September 4 at 4:11 PM by Jennifer Johnson
Derrington, S. F., Paquette, E., & Johnson, K. A. (2018). Cross-cultural interactions and shared decision-making. Pediatrics, 142(Supplement 3), S187-S192. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-0516J
References
Communication in a manner that is appropriate to different cultures means that advanced practice nurses must find a way of communicating effectively to the patients while also accepting and respecting the existing cultural differences. It is important to take into consideration the cultures of the patients before engaging them. Nurses that are aware of their own cultures, as well as the cultural backgrounds of patients, are better placed to achieve mutual understanding in their encounter with the patient (Betancourt, Green & Carrillo, 2019). Understanding the values, preferences, and beliefs of patients also helps in focusing on culturally appropriate health care interventions. There are several communication strategies that can be used in communicating with patients from various cultures. The first strategy is to make use of open-ended questions. This will help in ensuring the patients provide a comprehensive response to questions as opposed to saying yes or no without explaining the context of their answers. The provision of more information enables the nurse to understand the cultural perspective and beliefs of the patients NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop.
Kadijatu SesaySubscribe
Kadijatu Sesay posted Sep 1, 2021 9:07 PM
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The ability to communicate effectively with people from different cultures is very important in all aspects of care. Healthcare providers need to be aware of personal values involving provider-patient relationships as well as how culture may be impacting the health and management of an illness. Ineffective cross-cultural communication can negatively impact patients’ health through misdiagnosis, frequent hospital admission, or inability to effectively comply with treatments plans, (Kodjo, 2009). Communication is important in every culture and communicating with patients based on their cultural belief and practices is important and as advanced practice nurses (APN) we need to acquire the necessary cultural competence to be better able to communicate with our patients effectively, based on their healthcare beliefs, values, and customs Andrews, M M., Boyle, J. S., & Collins, J. W. (2020). Transcultural concepts in nursing care (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. less1 UnreadUnread0 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Laura Riccardi
Last post September 4 at 11:47 AM by Laura Riccardi
Albougami, A. S., Pounds, K. G., & Alotaibi, J. S. (2016). Comparison of four cultural competence models in transcultural nursing: A discussion paper. International Archives of Nursing Care, 2(4), 1-5.
Kodjo, C. (2009, February). Cultural competence in clinician communication. Pediatrics in review. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719963/.
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There are several ways to effectively communicate with patients from different cultures and ethnicity. Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model uses six different dimensions to explain and support the importance of the uniqueness of each culture (Albougami et al., 2016). These six dimensions are space, social organization, communication, time, biological variation, and environmental control (Albougami et al., 2016).. Communication is how individuals interact in either verbal, non-verbal, or written expression (Albougami et al., 2016). Cultures often differ in communication by having tones, volume, or facial expressions that are specific to their culture (Albougami et al., 2016). Additionally, an individual’s culture can affect their expectations and views of healthcare (Andrews et al., 2020) NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop. As a provider, communication is used in several ways, such as gathering a patient’s health history, developing goals of care, and providing education.
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Emily Meeks posted Sep 1, 2021 9:14 PM
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While the current population is becoming increasingly more diverse, advance practice nurses are also needing to change their approach to providing culturally competent care for all patients. In reviewing Giger and Davidhizar’s (2002) assessment model, the advanced practice nurse is able to identify the six dimensions necessary for providing culturally sensitive care; communication, time, space, social organization, environmental control, and biological variation.ReferencesPhiladelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.of transcultural nursing, 13(3):185-188. http://doi.10.1177/10459602013003004less1 UnreadUnread9 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Evelyn Anderson
Last post September 3 at 9:38 PM by Evelyn Anderson
Giger and Davidhizar (2002). The Giger and Davidhizar transcultural assessment model. Journal
Andrews, M., Boyle, J., & Collins, J. (2020). Transcultural concepts in nursing care. (8th ed.)
Communication, including verbal and nonverbal, is a key aspect in one’s life and essential for delivering care. Yet, creates a barrier when others are from a different culture and/or speak a different language. Methods in which to appropriately communicate with patients could include, utilizing a qualified translator. In my hospital, this can be done by means of in-person, telephone and video chat. It is also important to assess if one device is preferred over another, as I have found some cultures do not appreciate a telephone or even a particular gender. Another manner, is speaking in Lamins terms, or simply explaining not using medical jargon. It is essential to communicate in an unrushed pace and validate their understanding when needed (Andrews et al., 2020). Health literacy could be barrier, making it important to ensure the patient received the message that the advanced practice nurse is trying to convey.
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Heather Stetson posted Sep 1, 2021 10:41 AM
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https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659616676319Merritt, L. (2013). Communicating with Chinese American families in the NICU using the Giger and Davidhizar transcultural model. Neonatal Network, 32(5), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.32.5.335less1 UnreadUnread2 ViewsViews
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View profile card for Jeffrey Mahoney
Last post September 3 at 1:15 PM by Jeffrey Mahoney
Harding, S. (2017). Self-stigma and veteran culture. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28(5), 438-444.
As advanced practice nurses (APNs) communicating in a clear, concise, and effective manner with our patients is essential to providing safe patient care. However, this may be a challenge, especially when communicating with individuals from various cultures. To overcome potential challenges the APN will need to first examine his or her own cultural beliefs and address any cultural biases. Frameworks such as Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Nursing model can serve as a useful guide for APNs to utilize for the assessment and facilitation of effective communication practices within different cultures. This model emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual despite the cultural influences the person may have experienced throughout their lifetime (Merritt, 2013). According to Harding et al. (2017), “communication encompasses all verbal and nonverbal communication” (p. 438). Appropriate ways we can communicate with our patients from various cultures is through being aware and respectful of communication styles specific to that patient such as their voice quality, pronunciation, enunciation, use of silence, and use of nonverbal gestures (Merritt, 2013). For example, some cultures such as Chinese Americans may view the health provider as a person of authority and therefore may not ask clarifying questions or simply nod their head in agreement (Merritt, 2013). In this instance the APN can improve communication by observing the patient’s verbal and nonverbal cues, communicating in a non-threatening manner, and encourage the patient to ask questions NSG-556-IKG – Health Pers Div-Rural-Unds Pop.
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Idida Aleman Musial posted Aug 31, 2021 7:31 PM
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Providing culturally appropriate care can be challenging for nurse practitioners; Giger and Dabidhizar’s model is a great tool in nursing research that provides excellent examples on how to deliver quality care. As humans we have a tendency to make assumptions and we are quick to judge others that are different from us. Educating ourselves on other cultures can help us identify effective ways to communicate with others (Degrie, et al 2017). For example, in my situation, by being Latina doesn’t mean that I am catholic, which is a common presumption. I also don’t eat pork or shellfish because of my former religious preference. Our religious and cultural preferences can impact quality of care (Saunders, et al. 2019), being aware and open to educating ourselves on different cultures can improve the quality of care. less1 UnreadUnread2 ViewsViews
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View profile card for James Neal
Last post September 3 at 1:02 PM by James Neal
Van Keer, R. L., Deschepper, R., Huyghens, L., & Bilsen, J. (2017). Mental well-being of patients from ethnic minority groups during critical care: A qualitative ethnographic study. BMJ Open, 7(9), e014075-e014075. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014075
Saunders, R. P., Wilcox, S., Jake-Schoffman, D. E., Kinnard, D., Hutto, B., Forthofer, M., & Kaczynski, A. T. (2019). The faith, activity, and nutrition (FAN) dissemination and implementation study, phase 1: Implementation monitoring methods and results. Health Education & Behavior, 46(3), 388-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198118818235
Degrie, L., Gastmans, C., Mahieu, L., Dierckx de Casterlé, B., & Denier, Y. (2017). “how do ethnic minority patients experience the intercultural care encounter in hospitals? a systematic review of qualitative research”. BMC Medical Ethics, 18(1), 2-2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-016-0163-8
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By asking the patients questions and being open to learning about others during initial assessment, we are provided with an opportunity to learn about our patient and enhance care. Questions like, “tell me about your childhood” can provide us an idea of social assessment and the type of environment that the individual grew up in (Van Keer, et al. 2017).
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James Neal posted Sep 2, 2021 1:44 PM
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In their model, Giger and Davidhizar (2002) identified six dimensions of a cultural phenomenon through which each individual should be assessed; they identified communication as perhaps the most challenging aspect in providing optimal transcultural care. The act of care itself may be perceived differently in each culture. For example, placing a reassuring hand on someone’s shoulder may be perceived as a comforting gesture by a middle-aged, white American. However, touching an Orthodox Jew of the opposite sex is prohibited in that culture, and would be received very differently (Galanti, 2000). ReferencesGiger, J., & Davidhizar, R. (2002). The giger and davidhizar transcultural assessment model. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/10459602013003004less0 UnreadUnread
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Galanti, G.-A. (2000). An introduction to cultural differences. Western Journal of Medicine, 172(5), 335–336. https://doi.org/10.1136/ewjm.172.5.335
At the same time that we must be aware of cultural differences to aid our communication, we must also take care not to stereotype or make broad generalizations about groups of people (Galanti, 2000). Again, as Giger and Davidhizar remind us, each individual is unique.
In order to effective
