May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper
NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
Topic 2 DQ 1
Child abuse and maltreatment is not limited to a particular age—it can occur in the infant, toddler, preschool, and school-age years. Choose one of the four age groups and outline the types of abuse most commonly seen among children of that age. Describe warning signs and physical and emotional assessment findings the nurse may see that could indicate child abuse. Discuss cultural variations of health practices that can be misidentified as child abuse. Describe the reporting mechanism in your state and nurse responsibilities related to the reporting of suspected child abuse. NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
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Child abuse can occur in different forms, such as physical or emotional. Whenever such abuse occurs, it leaves the child emotionally disturbed. It takes the intervention of a professional for the child to get back to their normal self. School-age children are prone to the two types of child abuse. NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child. The abuse could range from mistreatment to sexual abuse. Regardless of the type of abuse the child is subjected to, it can have a great emotional impact on their lives.
Among the emotional signs of an abused child is social withdrawal, delayed emotional development, and low self-esteem. The child could also avoid a situation that used to be fun for them. For instance, if the child is no longer excited about going to school or hanging out with friends, it could indicate abuse. The physical warning signs that the nurse can identify is the poor growth rate and injury marks on the child’s body. If the child is not willing to talk about their emotions with the nurse, it could indicate abuse (Hoft & Haddad, 2017).
One of the cultural practices that might seem to be a form of child abuse is circumcision without the use of anesthesia. The practice is carried out to show the child’s strength and perseverance. Failure to cry during the process indicates how strong the child would be in the future. Crying is a sign of weakness. If the nurse notices any signs of abuse, they should notify a physician as soon as possible. The examination should also be carried out in the absence of the suspected victim. Such would allow the child to express their feelings without the fear of being victimized. Once abuse has been proven, the child is given the necessary help.
Reference
Hoft, M., & Haddad, L. (2017). Screening children for abuse and neglect: a review of the literature. Journal of forensic nursing, 13(1), 26-34. NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
Objectives:
Demonstrate clinical reasoning in conducting a child health assessment.
Apply Erikson’s stages of child development to health assessment.
Examine factors that increase the vulnerability of a child.
Compare the physical assessment of a child to that of an adult.
The needs of the pediatric patient differ depending on age, as do the stages of development and the expected assessment findings for each stage. In a 500-750-word NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child paper, examine the needs of a school-aged child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old and discuss the following:
Compare the physical assessments among school-aged children. Describe how you would modify assessment techniques to match the age and developmental stage of the child.
Choose a child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old. Identify the age of the child and describe the typical developmental stages of children that age.
Applying developmental theory based on Erickson, Piaget, or Kohlberg, explain how you would developmentally assess the child. Include how you would offer explanations during the assessment, strategies you would use to gain cooperation, and potential findings from the assessment. NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
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You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.
Topic 2 DQ 1
NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
Child abuse and maltreatment is not limited to a particular age—it can occur in the infant, toddler, preschool, and school-age years. Choose one of the four age groups and outline the types of abuse most commonly seen among children of that age. Describe warning signs and physical and emotional assessment findings the nurse may see that could indicate child abuse. Discuss cultural variations of health practices that can be misidentified as child abuse. Describe the reporting mechanism in your state and nurse responsibilities related to the reporting of suspected child abuse. NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
Topic 2 DQ 2
Compare the physical assessment of a child to that of an adult. In addition to describing the similar/different aspects of the physical assessment, explain how the nurse would offer instruction during the assessment, how communication would be adapted to offer explanations, and what strategies the nurse would use to encourage engagement.
“Health assessment of young and middle-aged adults extends beyond physical examination. The nurse uses a holistic outlook with consideration for mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects of the individuals” (Falkner, 2018). An adult would receive a head to toe assessment and may receive a more focused cardiac or respiratory assessment. The adult would be asked about medical history and current medications being taken. With an adult you could speak more plainly than you can with a child. You may need to give examples or comparisons to a child. You should still instruct the patient as to what you are doing during the assessment. You could also give the adult patient handouts to learn more about their assessment. NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
A child assessment would be done differently than an adult. The child more than likely would be more apprehensive than an adult. Before the assessment started the nurse should interact with the child’s parent that way the child would be more apt to interact with the nurse and this would also begin a trusting rapport. The nurse should get eye level with the child and explain in terms the child can understand while the nurse is explaining what is being done. The nurse would start with less invasive assessments first. The parent may hold the child during the assessment. The nurse may have to ask the parent instead of the child about some of the problems the child may be having. Another thing the nurse would do is let the child see the equipment before using it. Before I take a temporal temperature on a child, I run the thermometer over my forehead first. This lets the child know what I’m about to do to them and that it doesn’t hurt. I tell the child what I’m doing every step of the way. I reassure them and speak kindly to them.
In both assessments, I would inform the patient as to what part of the assessment would be performed next. I would ask questions (if possible) to both of the patients as well. I would be compassionate and attentive while the patient spoke and these strategies would encourage engagement. NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
References
Falkner, A. (2018). Adult Health Assessment. In Health assessment: Foundations for effective practice. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs434vn/health-assessment-foundations-for-effective-practice/v1.1/#/chapter/4
NRS-434VN Topic 2: Health Assessment of the Toddler, Preschool, and School-Aged Child
May 30, | nursing, med, NURS, Paper
Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example
Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example
A motivating operation is an environmental variable that “(a) alters (increases or decrease) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event (Cooper, et. al., 2020)”. Simply put, motivating operations are what motivates a certain behavior and either encourages you or stops you from acting a certain way.
“Conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) are the MOs that one learns to place a value. These are otherwise neutral states that now have value because they have been paired with a UMO, another CMO or with reinforcement or punishment in order to learn the value of the given CMO (ABA Connect, 2020)” Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example.
One example of a CMO in my life would be having a job so that I can get a paycheck to pay my bills and other necessities, and non-necessities, as I see fit. I had to learn, or be conditioned, that I need to have employment to have money to pay for things. This is not something that would have been instinctual to me, such as drinking water to quench my thirst. I had to learn that to have money and pay my way, I would need to be employed.
Another example of a CMO in my life would be washing, drying, and putting away my clothes so that I have clean, unwrinkled, ready to wear clothes. I had to learn, or be conditioned, how to properly sort my clothes, lights, darks, delicates, etc. I had to learn how to use the washer and dryer and on what settings each needed to be on depending on the clothes being washed and dried. I also had to learn which clothes didn’t go into the dryer and instead needed to be hung up to dry. And finally, I had to learn how to properly fold and hang my clothes and put them away. This is not something that would have been unconditioned in which no learning was required. It would not have been instinctual (something I just knew how to do). I had to be taught these actions in my past and I know that this is what I have to do in order to have clean clothes Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example.
References
ABA Connect https://www.abaconnect.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ABA_CONNECT_LOGO_NO_TAG_NUHB_V3_proStyle-e1617647363201.gif. (2020, December 26). 3 conditioned motivating operations – CMOS. ABA Connect. Retrieved November 12, 2021, from https://www.abaconnect.com/aba-terms/conditioned-motivating-operations-cmos/.
Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example.
Discussion: Motivating Operations
Photo Credit: junce11 – stock.adobe.com
A motivating operation (MO) has two main functions: a) it alters the effectiveness of some stimulus as a reinforcer, and b) it alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus. Motivating operations can be classified into two types: unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs) and conditioned motivating operations (CMOs).
For this Discussion, you will draw on your own experience, or the experience of others, to identify two examples of CMOs as related to human behavior and analyze why they are considered CMOs. Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example
To Prepare
Review the Learning Resources for this week, including the required weekly media programs, to understand motivating operations. Note: It is important for you to review the media for this week prior to completing this Discussion.
Consider examples of conditioned motivating operations (CMOs) as related to human behavior
Review the interactive media in the Learning Resources, “Motivational Influences on Behavior.”
By Day 4 of Week 11
Post two examples of CMOs as related to human behavior and explain why they are considered CMOs. These examples can be from your own experience with yourself or others.
For my examples of CMOs I am going to use my son. He sometimes exhibits aggressive behaviors at school, when this first started, we tried different reinforcers and punishments to lessen the occurrence of these behavior at school. He has a special tablet that he absolutely loves, so one day I decided to take it as a punishment for displaying aggressive behaviors and I didn’t get a bad report from his teacher the entire week I had it. Afterwhile, he started to catch on that if this happened again, he would lose privileges to his tablet. Although he still has his moments, the occurrence of them went from everyday to once or twice a week.
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My son does not always like to clean his room, sometimes he would leave fidget toys lying around along with clothes and shoes. The reinforcer of taking him to purchase a pop-it or out for ice cream in exchange for keeping his room clean for a week. Initially, it started off rocky, but I used his brother as an example of what could happen if he kept his room cleaned for a week. By the third week we were still struggling to motivate him to keep his room clean. One week his brother kept his room clean for a week and I took him for ice cream without my son, and this was the “ah-ha” moment that he realized what keeping his room clean could get him. It’s been a few months he consistently keeps his room clean Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example.
Read your colleagues’ postings.
Note: For this discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the To Participate in this Discussion link, then select Create Thread to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!
By Day 6 of Week 11
Respond to at least two colleagues’ posts by expanding on each colleague’s explanation of how their examples represent conditioned motivating operations.
Be sure to support your posts and responses with specific references to behavior-analytic theory and research. In addition to the Learning Resources, search the Walden Library and/or the internet for peer-reviewed articles to support your posts and responses. Use proper APA format and citations, including those in the Learning Resources.
Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights that you have gained because of your colleagues’ comments.
Motivating operations (MO) can be defined as “something that alters the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event of a reinforcer” (Walden University, LLC. 2021). There are establishing and abolishing operations that either increase or decrease the value of the reinforcer stimulus respectively. Additionally, there are unconditioned motivating operations (UMO) and conditioned motivating operations (CMO). Unconditioned refers to unlearned while conditioned means refers to the opposite, learned. In his lecture, Dr. Little used the example of putting a key in a door to unlock it. That is not something we as humans naturally already know, we learn that a key fits in a lock to open it; this is what makes it conditioned. What makes it a motivation operation is that we have a desire to get to whatever is on the other side of the door.
The following are two examples of CMOs as it relates to human behavior. The first is as follows: I have a client I have established a good rapport with and with whom I have been able to significantly decrease aggressive behaviors while in therapy. However, he continues to exhibit aggressive behaviors with his mom. When I am present with this child, he is motivated to make good choices and will refrain from showing aggression. If I am present with him and his mom, he will also make better choices and exhibit minimal to no aggressive behaviors, as he would if he was just with mom Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example.
The second example is as follows: When I decide to get a solid workout in first thing in the morning, I am motivated the rest of the day to make healthy eating choices as well. This is because if I have made the effort to get up early and workout, I want to optimize that effort by eating well the rest of the day so that my hard work will pay off even more and I can have better results overall.
References:
Walden University, LLC. (2021). Motivating operations [Video]. Walden University Blackboard. https://class.waldenu.edu Discussion: Motivating Operations Essay Example
