Apr 20, | Health Medical
Identify the challenges facing National Intelligence in fixing the intelligence failures that led to 9/11?Are the interests of security, liberty, and privacy always in conflict?
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive
DSpace Repository
Theses and Dissertations
1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items
2005-03
Community policing as the primary prevention
strategy for Homeland Security at the local
law enforcement level
Docobo, Jose Miguel
Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2289
Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun
NAVAL
POSTGRADUATE
SCHOOL
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
THESIS
COMMUNITY-POLICING AS THE PRIMARY PREVENTION
STRATEGY FOR HOMELAND SECURITY AT THE LOCAL
LAW ENFORCEMENT LEVEL
by
Jose M. Docobo
March 2005
Thesis Advisor:
Second Reader:
Christopher Bellavita
Carl W. Hawkins Jr.
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time
for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing
and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this
collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services,
Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 222024302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503.
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)
2. REPORT DATE
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
March 2005
Master’s Thesis
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Community Policing as the Primary Strategy 5. FUNDING NUMBERS
for Homeland Security Prevention at the Local Law Enforcement Level
6. AUTHOR(S) Jose M. Docobo
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
REPORT NUMBER
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA 93943-5000
9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND
10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
ADDRESS(ES)
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
N/A
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official
policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)
In the wake of September 11, 2001, local law enforcement agencies throughout the country find themselves
struggling to identify their responsibilities and define their future role in the effort against terrorism in our homeland. At a
time when law enforcement organizations are competing for limited funds and resources, agencies will have to look at
how to adapt existing policing philosophies and strategies, such as community-oriented policing, to address the issue of
homeland security.
The goal of terrorism is centered in creating an atmosphere of fear in society to achieve a philosophical goal.
Terrorism is about the impact of its violence on society. This requires the application of the basic concepts of law
enforcement: protection and prevention to terrorism.
As a result of the events of September 11, 2001, law enforcement agencies have had to assimilate homeland
security strategies into their existing responsibilities for combating crime and maintaining social order. This thesis will
identify how homeland security prevention and deterrence responsibilities efforts can be effectively integrated into local
law enforcement’s existing community policing framework. This thesis will also study attempt to identify the extent to
which local law enforcement agencies in the state of Florida have adopted community-policing efforts into their
homeland security strategy.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
Terrorism, Community Policing, Law Enforcement, Prevention
17. SECURITY
CLASSIFICATION OF
REPORT
Unclassified
18. SECURITY
CLASSIFICATION OF THIS
PAGE
Unclassified
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
15. NUMBER OF
PAGES
99
16. PRICE CODE
19. SECURITY
20. LIMITATION OF
CLASSIFICATION OF
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Unclassified
UL
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18
i
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
ii
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
COMMUNITY POLICING AS THE PRIMARY PREVENTION STRATEGY FOR
HOMELAND SECURITY AT THE LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT LEVEL
Jose M. Docobo
Chief Deputy, Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office
B.A., University of South Florida, 1979
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES
(HOMELAND SECURITY AND DEFENSE)
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
March 2005
Author:
Jose Miguel Docobo
Approved by:
Christopher Bellavita, Ph.D.
Thesis Advisor
Carl W. Hawkins Jr., D.P.A.
Second Reader
Douglas Porch, Ph.D.
Chairman, Department of National Security Affairs
iii
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
iv
ABSTRACT
In the wake of September 11, 2001, local law enforcement agencies
throughout the country find themselves struggling to identify their responsibilities
and define their future role in the effort against terrorism in our homeland. At a
time when law enforcement organizations are competing for limited funds and
resources, agencies will have to look at how to adapt existing policing
philosophies and strategies, such as community-oriented policing, to address the
issue of homeland security.
The goal of terrorism is centered in creating an atmosphere of fear in
society to achieve a philosophical goal. Terrorism is about the impact of its
violence on society. This requires the application of the basic concepts of law
enforcement: protection and prevention to terrorism.
As a result of the events of September 11, 2001, law enforcement
agencies have had to assimilate homeland security strategies into their existing
responsibilities for combating crime and maintaining social order. This thesis will
identify how homeland security prevention and deterrence responsibilities efforts
can be effectively integrated into local law enforcement’s existing community
policing framework. This thesis will also study attempt to identify the extent to
which local law enforcement agencies in the state of Florida have adopted
community-policing efforts into their homeland security strategy.
v
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………… 1
A.
PROBLEM ………………………………………………………………………………. 1
B.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH………………………………………………… 2
C.
LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………… 3
D.
HYPOTHESIS ………………………………………………………………………….. 8
E.
METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………… 8
F.
OUTLINE…………………………………………………………………………………. 8
II.
DEFINING TERRORISM……………………………………………………………………. 11
A.
DEFINITION OF TERRORISM………………………………………………….. 11
B.
THE NATURE OF TERRORISM ……………………………………………….. 13
C.
TERRORISM AS A CRIME………………………………………………………. 15
D.
HOMELAND SECURITY VS. HOMELAND DEFENSE ………………… 18
E.
THE MILITARY’S ROLE ………………………………………………………….. 20
III.
POLICING IN THE UNITED STATES………………………………………………….. 21
A.
POLITICAL ERA …………………………………………………………………….. 21
B.
REFORM ERA ……………………………………………………………………….. 21
C.
TEAM POLICING ……………………………………………………………………. 23
D.
PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING……………………………………………. 23
E.
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED POLICING ……………………………………….. 24
1.
Community Partnerships ……………………………………………… 25
2.
Problem Solving ………………………………………………………….. 26
3.
Organizational Transformation……………………………………… 27
F.
CRIME, FEAR OF CRIME AND COMMUNITY POLICING……………. 28
IV.
POLICING FOR HOMELAND SECURITY……………………………………………. 33
A.
INTEGRATING COMMUNITY POLICING INTO HOMELAND
SECURITY …………………………………………………………………………….. 33
B.
ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION …………………………………. 34
1.
Organization-wide Adoption …………………………………………. 35
a.
Training……………………………………………………………… 35
b.
Equipment and Technology ………………………………… 37
2.
Decentralized Decision-making and Accountability……….. 38
3.
Fixed Geographic Accountability and Generalist
Responsibilities …………………………………………………………… 38
4.
Utilizing Volunteer Resources ………………………………………. 39
a.
Neighborhood Watch………………………………………….. 39
b.
Volunteers in Police Service (VIPS)……………………… 40
c.
Community Emergency Response Teams (CERT)… 40
d.
Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) …………………………….. 41
C.
PROBLEM SOLVING ……………………………………………………………… 41
vii
1.
D.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
(CPTED) ………………………………………………………………………. 42
2.
Intelligence Gathering ………………………………………………….. 42
3.
Information Sharing……………………………………………………… 45
4.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Mapping and
Analysis ………………………………………………………………………. 46
COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS ……………………………………………….. 47
1.
Working with the Media………………………………………………… 49
2.
Neighborhood Watch, Business Watch and Worship
Watch Programs ………………………………………………………….. 50
3.
Establishing Local-Federal Partnerships ………………………. 52
4.
Citizen Academies ……………………………………………………….. 52
V.
COMMUNITY POLICING AND HOMELAND SECURITY IN FLORIDA
LAW ENFORCEMENT ……………………………………………………………………… 55
A.
SURVEY………………………………………………………………………………… 55
B.
SURVEY METHODS……………………………………………………………….. 55
C.
SURVEY RESULTS ………………………………………………………………… 60
VI.
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………. 67
A.
HOMELAND POLICING ………………………………………………………….. 67
B.
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………….. 68
C.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH …………………………… 68
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71
LIST OF REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………… 75
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST ……………………………………………………………………… 83
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
Violent Crime Rates…………………………………………………………………. 30
ix
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
Fear of Terrorism…………………………………………………………………….. 15
Perception of Crime rates…………………………………………………………. 30
Florida Population Represented in Survey ………………………………….. 57
Agency characteristics of survey respondents …………………………….. 57
Number agencies having a homeland security plan and communitypolicing plan …………………………………………………………………………… 58
Number and percent of agencies involved in community policing
training during the previous 12 months……………………………………….. 58
Number and percent of agencies involved in community policing
activities during the previous 12 months……………………………………… 59
Number and percent of agencies that received homeland securityrelated information during the previous 12 months……………………….. 60
Correlations between selected factors associated with communitypolicing and similar factors related to homeland security strategies. .. 61
Logistic regression model using community-policing training and
activities predictors of agencies having a homeland security
strategic plan. …………………………………………………………………………. 63
Logistic regression model using the incorporation of a communitypolicing plan and general agency characteristics as predictors of
agencies having a homeland security strategic plan. ………………….. 65
xi
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
xii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Chris Bellavita and Dr. Carl W.
Hawkins, Jr. for the advice and guidance they provided in helping me complete
this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. William Pelfrey and Timothy Hart who
provided valuable insight and assistance throughout the process of researching
and writing this thesis.
Lastly, and most importantly, I would like to thank my wife Vivian for the
understanding, support and love she gave while I struggled through this program
and thesis. She kept me sane and provided the support I needed to keep me
focused throughout the last eighteen months.
xiii
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
xiv
I.
A.
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM
President Bush’s National Strategy for Homeland Security has defined
homeland security as “a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks
within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and
minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur.”1 Fundamental to
this definition are the words “concerted national effort,” which is based on the
principles of shared responsibility and partnership between the Congress, state
and local governments, the private sector and the American people.2
Law
enforcement, as a major partner in this effort, has traditionally had as its primary
role that of “first responder” in post-incident response and consequence
management of terrorist actions.
In the wake of September 11, 2001, local law enforcement agencies
throughout the country find themselves struggling to identify their responsibilities
and define their future role in the effort against terrorism in our homeland.
Traditionally, local law enforcement has concerned itself primarily with preventing
and solving crimes such as burglary, theft, robbery — crimes that have an instant
and visible impact on the community and affect the quality of life of its citizens. In
the face of new and unknown future terrorist threats, local law enforcement
organizations will have to adopt policing philosophies and strategies to
successfully fulfill the requirement of homeland security.
This thesis will examine whether their existing community-policing
prevention and deterrence strategies are compatible in fulfilling their expanded
responsibilities for homeland security. In addition, I will examine the extent to
which local law-enforcement organizations in the state of Florida have adopted a
community-oriented policing philosophy into their homeland security strategy.
The integration of homeland security into community-oriented policing is
important because, for the last decade, law enforcement organizations have
1 Office of Homeland Security, National Strategy for Homeland Security. Office of Homeland
Security (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002), 2.
2 Ibid.
1
approached crime prevention and deterrence by adopting a community-oriented
policing philosophy.
The Law Enforcement Management and Administrative
Statistics (LEMAS) published in April 2004 for the year 2000 shows that about
two-thirds of larger municipal (68%) and county (66%) police departments had a
full-time community policing unit and nearly all municipal (95%) and county (94%)
police departments had sworn personnel designated as full-time community
policing officers compared to compared to approximately 80% in 1997.3
Law enforcement organizations have sought to address the causes of
crime and reduce the fear of crime in communities through the creation of
effective partnerships with the community and other public and private-sector
resources, through the application of problem-solving strategies or tactics, and
through the transformation of the organizational culture and structure of police
agencies. The new policing model for terrorism and homeland security must
address the areas of training, crime prevention, intelligence gathering, and data
sharing. While these roles are not new to local policing, homeland security at the
local level will require a shift in law enforcement’s role if police are to ensure the
safety and welfare of citizens. At a time when law enforcement organizations are
competing for limited funds and resources, agencies will have to look at how to
adapt existing policing philosophies and strategies, such as community-oriented
policing, to address the issue of homeland security.
B.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
A considerable amount of empirical research has focused on the
effectiveness of community-oriented policing. While researchers have suggested
that community policing can fit into the overall national strategy for homeland
security, little research specifically identifies community-policing strategies and
their direct application to the national strategy for homeland security. Many of the
objectives of terrorism protection/prevention parallel law enforcement’s current
policies in respect to local crime issues. Because of these similarities, individual,
3 Brian Reaves and Matthew Hickman, Law Enforcement Management and Administrative
Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or more Officers, U.S.
Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, (Washington
D.C., 2004), vi.
2
neighborhood and community crime-prevention strategies should support law
enforcement in the fight against terrorism.
Without further terrorist acts on
domestic soil, politicians and law enforcement managers may find it difficult to
continue dedicating financial and manpower resources to what may be seen as a
diminishing or non-existent threat. While some organizations have chosen to
create separate units dedicated to terrorism protection, it may be difficult to
sustain these initiatives unless they are integrated into the organization’s adopted
policing philosophy.
If law enforcement is to remain an integral part of the
“concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States,
reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and
recover from attacks that do occur,”4 then local law enforcement will have to
integrate homeland security into its organizational culture if it is to sustain a
permanent role in the effort to deter terrorism.
C.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Over the past decade, law enforcement agencies, through the adoption of
a community-oriented policing philosophy, have sought to address the causes of
crime and reduce the fear of crime through problem-solving strategies and police/
community partnerships.
In agencies that adhere to this philosophy, officers
adopt a pro-active approach to crime control; rather than the traditional reactive
approach relied upon during the major part of the 20th century. Instead of law
enforcement only reacting to crimes after they have been committed and brought
to their attention, officers attempt to resolve community concerns that, if not
resolved, can culminate in the commission of additional crimes.
The
predominant idea of community policing is for law enforcement and citizens to
interact in cooperative efforts to reduce crime in their neighborhoods.
The primary factors that have given rise to community policing have been
citizen disenchantment with police service and frustration with the traditional
4 Office of Homeland Security, National Strategy for Homeland Security. Office of Homeland
Security (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002), 2.
3
reactive role of the police officer.5 These justifications are based in part on the
research conducted by Wilson and Kelling, and on their “broken windows” theory.
Wilson and Kelling compare a building with broken windows that have not been
repaired to disorderly behavior that is left unchallenged. The researchers claim
that disorder, if ignored, increases and may lead to serious crime.6
Traditional policing entails officers responding to individual incidents in
order to stabilize problems, but not focusing on underlying sociological,
economic, psychological and other cultural factors that may influence the
problems. In 1987, Eck and Spelman proposed a four-stage problem-solving
approach to policing. Eck and Spelman’s problem-solving model is known as
SARA (scanning, analysis, response, assessment) and includes identifying
potential problems, collecting information from sources inside and outside of the
agency, developing and implementing solutions, and evaluating the effectiveness
of the implementation.7
Although there is no single definition of community policing, the most
widely accepted definition identifies three critical elements: the creation of and
reliance on effective partnerships between the police on the one hand and the
community or other public and private-sector resources on the other; application
of problem-solving strategies or tactics; and the transformation of police
organizational culture and structure to support the philosophical shift.
Community policing was initially designed around the core concepts of
community engagement and problem solving to address crime, quality of life and
other public safety issues. These concepts, however, could have direct
application to homeland security operations.
A considerable amount of empirical research has examined the
effectiveness of community policing programs and their impact on citizen’s fear
5 G. Kelling, Police and Communities: The quiet revolution, Perspectives on Policing,
Washington D.C.: United States Department of Justice, 1988
6 J. Q. Wilson and G. L. Kelling, Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. The
Atlantic Monthly, March 1982, pp. 29-38.
7 John Eck and William Spelman. Problem Oriented Policing, Washington, D.C., National
Institute of Justice, January 1987.
4
and perception of crime.8 Cordner, Williams and Pate studied the effects of
community policing programs on citizens’ fear of crime, by measuring fear before
and after community policing programs were implemented.
Cordner et al.
examined a community policing project in Baltimore, Maryland and concluded
that community policing interventions were associated with moderate reductions
in reported fear. Cordner’s study further showed that as the project evolved, the
effects of community policing became more pronounced.9
In another study,
Williams and Pate contend that a community policing program in Newark, New
Jersey was associated with significant reductions in perceived social disorder
problems and fear of victimization.10
In a survey conducted by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) in
October 2001, a majority of the 250 police chiefs polled stated that they believe
local law enforcement can make a valuable contribution to preventing terrorism
by building on their community-policing networks to exchange information with
citizens and gather intelligence.11 A white paper published by PERF and the
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) recommended that law
enforcement must develop strategies that employ the underlying principles of
community policing to prevent terrorist activities.12
In June 2003, the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security, Office for Domestic Preparedness issued its
Guidelines for Homeland Security in Prevention and Deterrence.
In these
guidelines, ODP recommended the use of community policing initiatives,
strategies, and tactics as a basis to identify suspicious activities related to
terrorism.13
8 G.W. Cordner, Fear of Crime and the police: An evaluation of fear reduction strategy,
Journal of Police Science and Administration, 14(3), 1986, 223-233.
9 Ibid.
10 H. Williams and A. Pate, “Returning to first principles: Reducing the fear of crime in
Newark,” Crime and Delinquency, 33(1), 1987, 53-70.
11 Police Executive Research Forum, Local Law Enforcement’s Role in Preventing and
Responding to Terrorism, Washington, D.C., October 2, 2001, 2.
12 Police Executive Research Forum and The Office of Community Oriented Policing
Services, Protecting Your Community From Terrorism: Strategies for Local Law Enforcement,
Volume 1: Local-Federal Partnerships, March 2003, Washington, D.C., 1-14.
13 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, The Office for Domestic Preparedness Guidelines
for Homeland Security, June 2003, Prevention and Deterrence, Washington D.C., 7.
5
Rob Chapman and Matthew C. Scheider, Senior Analysts at the Office of
Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), suggest that community policing
could play an integral role in homeland security. The authors contend that by
using the three basic tenets of organizational change, problem solving, and
external partnerships, community policing can help police prepare for and
prevent terrorist acts and respond to the fear such threats engender.14
Community policing helps build trust between the community and law
enforcement, which allows officers to develop knowledge of the community and
resident activity and can provide vital intelligence relating to potential terrorist
actions. Local law enforcement can facilitate information gathering among ethnic
or religious community groups with whom police have established a relationship.
It will generally be citizens who observe the unusual in their community, such as
small groups of men living in apartments or motels, or unusual behavior at flight
schools, and may normally be expected to report such observations to the local
police. According to Chapman and Scheider, problem-solving models typically
used in community policing are well suited for preventing and responding to
possible terrorist activity. Using existing data sources, agencies can conduct
target vulnerability assessments and develop risk-management and crisis
plans.15
In a 2002 publication, the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of
Community Oriented Policing discussed a series of community-oriented policing
resources and practices that have a direct application to terrorism protection,
deterrence, and prevention.
These include the use of crime mapping that
employs GIS systems, data collection and analysis protocols, and technologies
that may be used as platforms for gathering intelligence to assess terrorism
vulnerability. In addition, the community partnerships formed by police in the
14 Rob Chapman and Matthew C. Scheider, “Community Policing: Now More than Ever,”
Office of Community Oriented Policing, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., 2002
15 Ibid. 3.
6
course of community-oriented problem solving provide a ready framework for
engaging citizens in helping police to identify possible threats and implement
preparedness plans.16
Crime prevention has been defined by the Crime Prevention Coalition of
America as “a pattern of attitudes and behaviors directed both at reducing the
threat of crime and enhancing the sense of safety and security to positively
influence the quality of life in our society and to develop environments where
crime cannot flourish.”17 The prevention of terrorist activities within the country is
the most desirable function law enforcement agencies can perform. Reducing or
preventing a community’s vulnerability to victimization has always been at the
heart of law enforcement’s mission. “Crime prevention” units or functions can be
found in virtually every local law enforcement agency throughout the United
States. The goal of these units is to work hand in hand with the community to
reduce its susceptibility to victimization by providing for an exchange of
information.
After the events of September 11, 2001, the idea of involving
citizens in crime prevention has taken on new significance, with President Bush
calling for greater citizen involvement in homeland security through initiatives
such as Citizen Corps and Freedom Corps.18 These programs were created by
President Bush so that Americans could participate directly in homeland security
efforts in their own communities.
This network of volunteer efforts uses the
foundations already established by law enforcement in order to prepare local
communities to effectively respond to the threats of terrorism and crime.
In
addition to creating the Citizen’s Corps and Freedom Corps, the President’s plan
is to enhance community policing programs already in place, such as
Neighborhood Watch, by incorporating terrorism prevention into its mission.
16 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, COPS
INNOVATIONS, A Closer Look, Local Law Enforcement responds to Terrorism: Lessons in
Prevention and Preparedness, Washington, D.C., 2002.
17Crime Prevention Coalition, Crime Prevention in America: Foundations for Action
(Washington, D.C., National Crime Prevention Council, 1990), 64.
18President George W. Bush, Citizen Corps, Obtained from internet
http://www.whitehouse.gov, [May14,2004].
7
D.
HYPOTHESIS
As a result of the events of September 11, 2001, law enforcement
agencies have had to assimilate homeland security strategies into their existing
responsibilities for combating crime and maintaining social order. This study will
identify how homeland security prevention and deterrence responsibilities efforts
can be effectively integrated into local law enforcement’s existing community
policing framework. This study will also attempt to identify the extent to which
local law enforcement agencies in the state of Florida have adopted communitypolicing efforts into their homeland security strategy.
E.
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in this research will first entail a review of the
relevant literature.
This review will focus on the definition and treatment of
terrorism as a civil law-enforcement issue, rather than as a military action. This
thesis will also examine the evolution of community oriented policing as the
predominant policing philosophy, and determine whether this philosophy can be
applied to allow local law enforcement to address its homeland security
responsibilities. In addition, a structured questionnaire will be used to survey
police departments and sheriff’s offices within the state of Florida.
The survey will focus on identifying the extent to which agencies feel that
homeland security efforts have been integrated into the three core values of
community policing: creating external partnerships, problem solving techniques,
and organizational transformation. In addition, the survey will attempt to identify
what obstacles exist for agencies that wish to implement an integrated approach
to their homeland-security and community-policing.
F.
OUTLINE
1.
Chapter I – Introduction
The events of September 11, 2001 changed the way American law
enforcement views its role in the overall national strategy for homeland security.
8
Rather than creating new policing strategies, tactics or philosophies, local law
enforcement organizations must turn to existing successful policing methods and
adapt these strategies to homeland security if these organizations are to sustain
these efforts.
Community-oriented policing, as the predominate policing
philosophy of the last decade, has proven successful in dealing with crime and
social disorder in our communities. Research to date, however, is insufficient to
assess whether law enforcement organi
