Please writea thorough peer response for all four (4) Discussions. The first 2 discussions are responding to classmates that responded on my post. The last 2 discussions are classmates that I need to reply to.

Below I will attach the link for the case study for the discussion along with my username and password if needed 

username: 5864616 password: Dadofthr33?

https://myclassroom.apus.edu/content/enforced/65059-488897/Discussion%20Forums/Case%20Study%20Rabbit%20Island1.pdf?_&d2lSessionVal=DB1STcgGnAJVxLyWfsBULnd2l

(1) Pertaining to Part II Question 2, we can see this happening today.  People that had HIV and AIDS back in the mid 80s to mid 90s were more susceptible to death from TB due to the immune deficiency.  Just like then, people who have an underlying condition who then contract COVID-19 will more than likely have very severe symptoms and increasing the possibility of death.  While exercising, nutritional food, and fresh air help those deal with TB, individuals with an underlying condition may not be so lucky even with those things.

(2) I agree with you about your conclusions of a good environment being important to rabbits surviving TB. Do you think that the results based upon experiments in rabbits prove that a good environment would be as beneficial to humans? If not, what sort of experiment would you conduct to test the hypothesis? What is the death rate in humans with TB if left untreated?

(3) Q.1 The data from the experiment Dr. Trudeau describes is shown below in Figure 1. Graphs like Figure 1 are called survival curves. Writea narration of the figure describing the results of the experiment. Explain why the rabbits are emaciated in groups 1 and 2. (Please note: What Dr. Trudeau called Experiments 1, 2, and 3 are more like what modern scientists would call treatment groups 1, 2, and 3, and that terminology is used in Figure 1.)

Groups 1 and 2 are emaciated because they were put in dark as well as confined space and supplies with a limited supply of food. The rabbits in group 1 and 2 were deprived of light, fresh air, and exercise. Group 3 has the highest rate of a survivor cure and not only survived the disease but were healthy due to exercise sunlight and abundant food. All 15 rabbits tested was a good show of a case study.

Q4. What do the data suggest might be good environmental conditions for tuberculosis patients? 
Data suggest if you have or live in an environment that promotes a healthy food supply, sunlight, exercise, your chances to survive TB are higher. Infection is hard to foster in this environment placed in a invariably environment that provides the best conditions, and the best environment. 

Q6. What is the dependent variable in the Rabbit Island Experiment? Also, list all of the independent variables you can think of in the experiment.

The dependent variable of Dr. Trudeau’s experiment was the number rabbits that were still alive. This is the measurable and observed difference in the outcome of this experiment. The independent variable is the rabbit that were inoculated with tubercule bacillus and the also be the healthy rabbits, confined or not confined, location of confinement, exposure to fresh air, sun exposure, physical activity and exercise, amount of food and nutrition.

Part 2

Question 2: Tuberculosis causes nearly 2 million deaths worldwide each year. Between 1985 and 1992, cases of TB in the United States increased by 20 percent, as shown in Figure 3. Writea paragraph suggesting a few reasons why this resurgence of TB might have occurred in the United States.

I think part of the reason Tuberculosis resurface was because during the time frame of 1985 and 1992 the world seen a huge surge in additional disease and drugs that weakened the immune system. Disease like HIV and AID played a huge role in this issued but typically would not die to tuberculosis but due to their weakened immune system cause a lot of people to pass away.

(4) 1)Writea narration of the figure describing the results of the experiment. Explain why the rabbits are emaciated in groups 1 and 2.

Figure 1 illustrates the survival rate of the rabbits from each experimental group and their bodyweight condition at the end of the 4-month observation period. Following the lines (long dash, small dash, and solid) for groups 1, 2, and 3, we can see that the first fatality is from group three during month 1. It looks like they recorded survival monthly since the decreases in percent survival fall on rounded month increments (instead of mid-month or anywhere in between). Group 1 lost four rabbits by the third-month observation mark. Group two had 100% survival at the end of the fourth month, though the rabbits were emaciated.

The rabbits’ body condition data at the end of the four months appears healthy for just group 3. Unsurprisingly, this group contained the rabbits who were turned loose on their island with abundant food and exercise. I suspect the fatality was predator-related rather than health-related. But we don’t have all the necessary information to conclude there.

 The rabbits in groups 1 and 2 were emaciated because, as part of their treatment, they were kept in a box, buried in a hole in the ground (with no naturally occurring food), and fed inadequately. They had little to no opportunity to maintain muscle mass, and the experiment describes the quantity of food offered to these underground groups as meager portions. The rabbits in group two were fed only potatoes, which might not be enough to meet a rabbit’s nutritional needs, even in abundance. There was no mention of the food quality or variety for group 1, so we must assume that it was the same as group 2 (or could hope, for variables’ sake).

4) What do the data suggest might be good environmental conditions for tuberculosis patients?

Based on the survival rates at the end of this experiment, fresh air, movement, and adequate nutrition seemed to be the best conditions for tuberculosis patients. The infected rabbits who were offered these freedoms and fed properly ended the four months at an 80% survival rate. We shouldn’t forget that details on the cause of death for the one deceased rabbit were not included in this case study, and the population of predators on their island was not disclosed. The infected rabbits who were crowded, confined, and deprived of food scraped by with 20% survival- which was one rabbit in this case. Just by comparing the two infected groups within this experiment, the data supports the theory that fresh air and (mostly) proper nutrition can improve outcomes in infected tuberculosis patients, at least of the rabbit variety. However, there are many independent variables, so it would be irresponsible to draw definitive conclusions.

5) What might be the effect of crowding on effective exposure rate of individual animals to MTb?

Tuberculosis isn’t spread via contact with shared surfaces. The disease spreads through airborne droplets containing the bacteria, which are expelled by an infected person (or rabbit) during coughing, sneezing, or speaking (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022). The more members of a population who are coughing, talking, or otherwise filling the air with a mist of bacteria, the higher the chance that non-infected individuals will encounter the pathogen because the concentration of infectious water droplets is greater.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Tuberculosis (TB)- How TB Spreads. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/howtbspreads.htm#:%7E:text=TB%20bacteria%20spread%20through%20the,these%20bacteria%20and%20become%20infected.

Part II:

4) All of the following factors are important in causing the worldwide resurgence of tuberculosis: (a) emergence of strains that are resistant to one or more of the available antibiotics effective against MTb; (b) incomplete or inadequate understanding by scientists of the details of the host/pathogen interaction in MTb infection; (c) lack of a universally-accepted vaccine; (d) lack of financial support for science and for public health initiatives in developing countries; (e) famine; (f) geopolitical instability in the developing world; and (g) inadequate public awareness of public health issues. If you were a billionaire philanthropist like Warren Buffet or Bill Gates, where would you focus your efforts against tuberculosis?

If I were a billionaire philanthropist, I would support a combined education and vaccination effort worldwide. The further we can lower the infection rate or spread of MTb, the fewer opportunities for antibiotic resistance to continue to spiral out of control.